Ah: here is the central issue of the debate. The view I subscribe to, and do most Conservative Jews (who have an opinion on this) is that the Torah, regardless whether or not you believe it was given by G-d, was given to a particular people, at a particular time. And at that time, they were surrounded by tribes of other people who vehemently believed in the necessity of sacrifice to cleanse one's soul (or whatever).
Therefore, even though atonement still required the person carrying the guilt to atone directly for their sins (if they stole, repay the loss, if they injured, make some kind of restitution, etc.) the Torah allowed for the symbolic atonement. This is what people expected then.
>> If the Jewish people never accepted the idea of vicarious atonement, why is it spelled out in detail in the Torah how to do animal sacrifices for means of atonement for sins (sin offering)as a requirement to do? Why does it say in Leviticus 17 that blood is the atonement for the soul?
So that accomplishing animal sacrifices would be so incredibly difficult, that people would readily accept prayer in its stead. Mind you, prayer doesn't accomplish vicarious atonement, either. Again, it is still the thing you do AFTER you have actively atoned.
>> Leviticus 17:11 For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls: for it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul.
Yes, excellent citation. And context helps make it much clearer...
In the paragraphs above (starting at Lev. 17:1) there is this whole discussion about NOT slaughtering animals out in the fields. Rather, "So that the Children of Israel will bring their feast-offerings that they have been slaughtering on the open field, and they shall bring them to Ha'shem to the entrance of the Tent of Meeting to the Kohen; and they shall slaughter them as peace-offerings... ...They shall no longer slaughter their offerings to the demons after whom they stray; this shall be an eternal decree to them for their generations."
Bit by bit here. First, notice the reason they must bring their offerings to the Tent of Meeting? Because these folks simply weren't used to being "The Children of Israel" yet.
These folks were truly proto-proto-Jews. They were still offering up every animal they slaughtered to appease the "the demons" that is, they were still worshipping idols.