2. Nabia Abbott On Isnad Nabia Abbott, a prominent orientalist who conducted an extensive study on
hadith literature and papyri, observed that the phenomenal growth of the corpus of this literature is not due to growth in content but due to progressive increase in the parallel and multiple chains of transmission, i.e., isnads:
... the traditions of Muhammad as transmitted by his Companions and their Successors were, as a rule, scrupulously scrutinised at each step of the transmission, and that the so called phenomenal growth of Tradition in the second and third centuries of Islam was not primarily growth of content, so far as the hadith of Muhammad and the hadith of the Companions are concerned, but represents largely the progressive increase in parallel and multiple chains of transmission.[1]
Take a highly simplified example of one Companion narrating a single
hadith from the Prophet to two students: these students themselves teaching that narration again to two pupils each and so on until we reach the time of al-Bu
khari and his contemporaries. We will find that in al-Bu
khari's generation at least 16 individuals will be hearing the
hadith from their respective teachers. Because each individual chain of transmission counts as a separate
hadith, what started out as a single narration transmitted by one Companion only, has evolved within a short period of time to 16 a
hadith; an increase of 1600%. The true nature of affairs, however, being far greater, with a far greater number of Companions transmitting a far greater number of narrations to a far greater number of students. This then is the form in which proliferation took place, the dispersion of narrators and chains of transmission. Using the mathematical application of geometric progression, Nabia Abbott concludes:
... using geometric progression, we find that one to two thousand Companions and senior Successors transmitting two to five traditions each would bring us well within the range of the total number of traditions credited to the exhaustive collections of the third century. Once it is realised that the isnad did, indeed, initiate a chain reaction that resulted in an explosive increase in the number of traditions, the huge numbers that are credited to Ibn Hanbal, Muslim and Bukhari seem not so fantastic after all.[2]
3. An Example Before we begin with the implication of explosive increase of isnad, a review of fundamentals of
hadith is necessary. Every
hadith consists of a matn (text) and an isnad (the chain of narrators). The
hadith is
evaluated on the basis of the matn and isnad. Isnad, as it is well known, is unique to Islam. The purpose of isnad is the disclosure of the source of information. In the final stage, the source must lead to the person who had direct contact to the highest authority to whom the statement belonged. In other words, the principle of evaluation of the
hadith is similar to what is known as the law of witnesses. This is a well-recognised principle in the courts of law all around the world to evaluate/cross-examine a person who said or saw or heard something from someone or somewhere and verify the authenticity of the person's statement. In the science of
hadith, this verification takes a new dimension. The transmitters of the
hadith are carefully scrutinised to make sure that the persons named could in fact have met one another, that they could be trusted to repeat the story accurately, and that they did not hold any heretical views. This implied extensive biographical studies; and many biographical dictionaries have been preserved giving the basic information about a man's teachers and pupils, the views of later scholars (on his reliability as a transmitter) and the date of his death.
In order to show what Nabia Abbott really meant by explosive increase in isnad, let us take an example of the
hadith on fasting. This
hadith has been transmitted fully as well as in parts.[3]
Abu Huraira reported the Prophet saying: (that Almighty Allah has said) Every act of the son of Adam is for him; every good deed will receive tenfold except fasting. It is [exclusively] meant for me, and I [alone] will reward it. He abandons his food for My sake and abandons drinking for My sake and abandons his pleasure for My sake. When any one of you is fasting he should neither indulge in sex nor use obscene language. If anyone reviles him he should say, "I am fasting." The one who fasts has two [occasions] of joy: one when he breaks the fast and one on the day when he will meet his Lord. And the breath [of a fasting person] is sweeter to Allah than the fragrance of musk.
The chart below shows the transmission of the isnad of this
hadith to the classical collections [to be read from right to left]:
This lengthy
hadith has been transmitted by many scholars in parts. Ibn
Hanbal has endorsed it at least 24 times. It is preserved in the collections of A'mash (
d. 148 A.H.), Ibn Juraij (
d. 150 A.H.), and Ibrahim b.
Tahman (
d. 168), transmitters from the students of Abu Huraira. It is also found in Shi'ite, Zaidi, and Ibadi sources.
Confining the discussion only to the third generation of narrators from Abu Huraira, who mostly belong to the first half of the second century of the
Hijra, the following features appear: There are 22 third-generation transmitters-nine from Medina, five from Ba
sra, four from Kufa, and one each from Mecca, Wasit,
Hijaz, and Khurasan. These variously trace their source to 11 students of Abu Huraira, whose homes were in Medina, Ba
sra, and Kufa. A second interesting point is that not all the Medinese, Basrites, or Kufans are the students of one man. Three of the Basrites trace the source of their knowledge to one Basrite, but the other two cite two different Medinese as their source.
This
hadith is not an isolated case of such an extensive transmission. Professor al-A
zami adds that:
I have demonstrated this position in three ahadith only. By going through Studies, Arabic section, 30 charts can be produced, and by going through al-A'zami, Ziyaur Rahman's work on Abu Huraira, 1000 charts can be drawn on this grand scale for the ahadith transmitted by Abu Huraira alone.[4]
It is clear from our discussion that the isnad did resulted in an explosive increase in the multiple and parallel chains of transmission of the a
hadith that trace back to the Prophet(P) and the companions. The content, however, did not increase. Now what are the implications of the explosive increase in isnad?
4. The Implications Here, we are primarily concerned about various hypotheses put forward by Joseph Schacht in his book Origins Of Muhammadan Jurisprudence concerning isnad. Most of the issue are already refuted by Professor M. Mus
tafa al-A
zami in his book On Schacht's Origins Of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. We will only summarize some of the refutations here, insha'allah.
"Projecting-back" hypothesis: For a careful reader of the above chart of chain of transmission, it is clear that forgery of a
hadith on such a grand scale is impossible as the number of scholars and transmitters of the
hadith were spread throughout the Muslim empire from Spain to India. One interesting feature of this is that it refutes Schacht's 'projecting-back' the
hadith to the Prophet(P) or his companions hypothesis, i.e., someone invented the
hadith and then projected it back to the time of Prophet(P). The second and third generation transmitters of the
hadith are considered by Schacht to have involved in this conspiracy. As the above chart shows that if a
hadith is fabricated and projected back to the earlier authorities, it would mean that the person who invented the
hadith has to ask his teachers and students as well as other Muslim scholars in various parts of the Muslim world to graft the isnad which would take the
hadith back to the Prophet(P) or his companions. As anyone can see, this would also require that the same
hadith present in the books of earlier scholars be impugned and new isnad grafted. This means a conspiracy of monumental proportions that would involve people from different parts of the Muslim world to come together and hatch such a plot.
Here we might as well accuse Schacht of projecting his doctrines forward.
Creation of supporting traditions: In this hypothesis of Schacht, a
hadith was fabricated, the isnad of constructed and was projected forward in time. Let us assume that some person from second or third generation of transmitters fabricated a
hadith and perhaps made an arrangement for the duplication of isnad, entrusting his students with the secret and instructing them to ask the scholars of a hundred years later or even more to fabricate new isnads to support his false
hadith, and that the request was accepted by Ibn
Hanbal and Bukhari and others. Would Schacht have us believe that the originator of this fabricated
hadith was able to contact scholars scattering from Khurasan to Egypt and from Syria to Yemen informing them of the need to project the doctrine back to early scholars? Collusion and forgery on so wide a scale is hard to credit.
Supression of undesirable material: In a further attempt to discredit the scholars of the time, Schacht claims that since the
hadith as narrated by Hisham (
d. 146 AH) shows the Prophet and `A'i
sha in a disconcerting light, the crucial point was formally mitigated in a version with the new isnad Malik - Ya
hya b. Sa`id - `Amra - `A'isha, and a shortened one with the isnad Malik - Nafi` - Ibn `Umar - `A'i
sha... Oddly enough, Bukhari, Muslim, `Abdur Razzaq, and Ibn
Hanbal all record Hisham's version without noting or suppressing this 'disconcerting' aspect of the Prophet's behaviour. Moreover, Nafi` died 30 years earlier than Hisham, and according to Schacht, Hisham's version most probably did not exist in the life of Nafi`. Schacht thus asks us to believe that Nafi` had the foresight to see that after 30 years Hisham would present the Prophet and `A'isha in a disconcerting light, and thus mitigated the crucial point before its existence.[5]
Family isnads: According to one of the lesser theories of Schacht, all family isnads are spurious. This has lead him to reject many well-authenticated a
hadith and isnads. Muslim scholars on the other hand did not claim that all family isnads are genuine, as is quite obvious from their biographical works. Some of family isnads which were denounced are:
Ma`mar b. Muhammad and his transmission from his father.
`Isa b. `Abdallah from his father.
Kathir b. `Abd Allah from his father.
Musa b. Matir from his father.
Yahya b. `Abd Allah from his father.
But one should not go too far in the dismissal of family isnads. If a statement of a father about his son or vice versa, or a wife about her husband, or a friend about a friend, or a colleague about a colleague is always unacceptable, then on what basis could biography possibly written? Professor Schacht would want us to believe that all the biographies written till now are forgeries.[6]
And Allah knows best!
References [1] N. Abbott, Studies In Arabic Literary Papyri, Volume II (Qur'anic Commentary & Tradition), 1967, The University Of Chicago Press, p. 2.
[2]
ibid., p. 72.
[3] M. Mus
tafa al-A
zami, On Schacht's Origins Of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, 1996, The Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies & Islamic Text Society. The discussion starts from p. 157.
[4]
ibid., p. 165.
[5]
ibid., p. 205.
[6]
ibid., p. 197.
all the best