EZ Arabic - a course to help you learn arabic

[Muhaba]

EZ Arabic

I am trying to devise a self-study Arabic course that isn’t complicated.

In this course you will learn Arabic vocabulary (about 6 to 8 words a week) as well as how to make simple sentences. You will also learn some sentences of common usage.

You should practice what you learn as much as you can through speaking. If you can’t find anyone to practice with, use the conversation thread to practice hwat you learn. You should learn to type in Arabic, but in the beginning it’s okay to use English transliteration. However, do type some Arabic daily. You can get Arabic letter stickers for the keyboard. To set Arabic as a language on your computer, go to -> control panel -> Regional and Languages -> Languages Tab -> Details (in Text Services and Input Languages) -> Add -> then select Arabic from the dropdown menu. If Arabic isn’t in the menu, then you have to install the script for it by checking the box next to install files for complex script and right – left languages (including Thia) In regional and Languages Options (Language Tab).

To change to Arabic typing press the Alt + Shift keys. You can see the abbreviation (EN) for English and (AR) for Arabic on the Task Manager (on bottom right side of the screen). You can select which language to type in from there as well.

Study Plan:
Get yourself the following:
A new notebook and pen
A Arabic-English / English – Arabic dictionary, preferably electronic one.

*Why a new notebook and pen? You may ask why you should get a new notebook and pen? Why not rip out the pages from an existing notebook and use that? Although using an existing notebook is economical, I have found new notebooks and pens to be inspirational. You just have to use them. A beautiful notebook with a beautiful cover is even better.
Write each lesson in your notebook, writing the vocabulary on one page, the lesson on another, and the common usage sentences on a third page. It’s better to write everything in each lesson in one place instead of making separate sections for each part. This is because it makes studying more efficient. You can study each lesson separately. Since each lesson consists of a new vocabulary words and a few sentences it is less burdensome then to see a whole section of vocabulary words or sentences and trying to learn them all at once. Trying to learn too many words/sentences at once only causes one to fail.
You should study the words and sentences in your lesson often, trying to memorize as many as you can before starting the next lesson.

Use the conversation thread to practice what you learn. Use your dictionary to find more words and use these in sentences of your own and post to the conversation thread.
For the Arabic conversation thread, go here ->

http://www.islamicboard.com/arabic/1...on-thread.html

I hope IB members find this course beneficial.

[Muhaba]

Week 1

This week’s vocabulary:

(Subject Pronouns:)

I - أنا
You (male) - أنتَ (anta)
You (female) – أنتِ (anti)

Girl - بنت (bint)
Boy - ولد (walad)
House - بيت (bait)
This - هذا (haaza)

Sentences:
In Arabic there are two kind of sentences, those that start with a noun called جملة إسمية and those that start with a verb called جملة فعلية . The following are examples of the first kind, جملة إسمية :

Note: I didn’t include the English terms for these as it only makes learning the language more complicated.

The following are examples of الجملة الإسمية :

I am a girl – ٌ أنا بنت
You are a boy - ٌ أنت ولد
This is a house – هذا بيت ٌ
This is my house – هذا بيتي
This is your house – هذا بيتك

As can be seen from the last two sentences, to show possession, the possessive pronoun is attached to the noun.

Some possessive pronouns:

My – (بيتي) ي
Your - (بيتك) ك
His - ه بيته) (
Her – (بيتها) ها

********************************
Sentences of common usage:
What is your name? ما اِسمُك؟ Ma ismuk? (pronounced masmuk)
My name is … اِسْمي .... Ismi ….
**************************** *****

Note: if you find any mistakes, plz let me know through pm and I will correct them.

Practice Tip: Use your English – Arabic Dictionary to get more words and make sentences of your own similar to the ones in this lesson. For example, هذا قلمك – This is your pen. أنتَ طالبٌ - you are a student.

[Muhaba]

Week 2:

This Weeks Vocabulary:
This – هذا
This (feminine) - هذه
That - ذلك
That (feminine) - تلك
House - بيت
Car - سيارة
City - مدينة
Old - قديم
Modern - متقدم

Possessive pronouns: In Arabic the possessive pronoun is attached to the end of the noun.
My –بيتي- ي
Your (masculine singular) - بيتك- كَ
Your (feminine singular) - بيتكِ- كِ
Our - بيتنا- نا

Sentences:
This is my house. هذا بيتي.
This is his car. هذه سيارته
That is your house. ذلك بيتك.
That is her car. تلك سيارتها

More sentences using the هذا , هذه and adjectives:
This flower is beautiful. هذه وردةُ جميلةٌ
That flower is beautiful تلكَ وردةٌ جميلةٌ.
This city is old. هذه مدينة قديمة.
The city I live in is modern. المدينة التي أسكنُ فيها مُتَقَدِّمَة ٌ.

********************************
Sentences of common usage:
How are you? كيف حالك؟ kaifa haaluk?
Alhamdulillah I am well. ألحمد لله أنا بخير Alhamdullilah ana bi khair.
**************************** *****

Practice Tip: make sentences using possessive pronouns and descriptive adjectives.

[Muhaba]

Supplement - Days of the Week
Saturday - السبت
Sunday - الأحد
Monday - الإثنين
Tuesday - الثلاثاء
Wednesday - الأربعاء
Thursday - الخميس
Friday - الجمعة

Yesterday - أمس
Today - اليَوم
Tomorrow - غداً

For reading only: Sentences talking about the days:
I will be going to the market on Saturday. سأذهبُ إلى السوق يوم السبت. Or يوم السبت سأذهبُ إلى السوق.
I went to the park on Friday. ذهبْتُ إلى الحديقة يوم الجمعة.
I was in my brother’s house on Monday. كُنْتُ في بيت أخي يوم الإثنين.
Today I will study. اليوم سأدْرُس.
Tomorrow is Sunday. غداً يوم الأحد.
I was sick on yesterday. كنتُ مريضاً أمس

I was at the beach yesterday. كنتُ على شاطيء البحر أمس.
Yesterday, it snowed. أمس كان ثلج. Literally, Yesterday there was rain.
It rained today. اليوم كان مطر. Literally, yesterday there was snow.

Practice Tip: Learn the days of the week. Read the sentences to become familiar with Arabic sentences.

Hey there! Looks like you're enjoying the discussion, but you're not signed up for an account.

When you create an account, you can participate in the discussions and share your thoughts. You also get notifications, here and via email, whenever new posts are made. And you can like posts and make new friends.
Sign Up

[Muhaba]

Week 3

This week’s Vocabulary:
To - إلى
He – هو
She - هي
Where - أين
Went - ذهب
To be going - ذاهبٌ
City - مدينة

Sentences:
He is a boy. هو ولدٌ
She is a girl. هي بنتٌ

I am going. أنا ذاهبٌ
Where did the boy go? أين ذهَبَ الولد؟
He went to his house. هو ذهب إلى بيته
The boy went to his house. الولدُ ذَهَبَ إلى بَيْتِهِ.

The following are examples of sentences that start with a verb, known as جملة فعلية
The boy went. ذهب الولد
The girl went. ذهبتْ البنت
The boy studied. دَرَسَ الولد
The girl studied. دَرَسَتْ البنت.

The boy said, I don’t want to study. قال الولدُ أنا لا أريد أنْ أدرسَ
The girl said, I don’t want to study. قالَتْ البنتُ أنا لا أريدُ أنْ أدرسَ

Note that the subject of the sentence contains a damma on the last letter when it is singular.
You can make more complex sentences by adding a prepositional phrase to the جملة الفعلية :
The boy went to his house. ذهبَ الولدُ إلى بيته.
The girl went to her house. ذهبتْ البنتُ إلى بيتها

The boy studied in the school. درس الولد في المدرسةِ
The girl studied in the school. دَرَسَتْ البنت في المدرسةِ

As you can see from the examples, you can write the same sentence starting with a verb or a noun. ذهب الولدُ إلى المدرسةِ. الولدُ ذهبَ إلى المدرسةِ.


*******************************
Sentences of Common Usage:
Where are you from? من أين أنت؟ or أنت من أين؟
I am from (country name). أنا من ...
Where do you live? أين تسكن
I live in … … . أسكنُ في ...
I live in … City. أسكنُ في مدينة ....
Where are you? أيْنَ أنْت؟
I am at school.أنا في المَدْرَسَةِ
I am at the market. أنا في السُوق

Practice tip: write where you went recently.

Note: if there are any mistakes, let me know in PM. thank you

[Muhaba]

Supplement: List of subject pronouns
Here is a complete list of subject pronouns. Since you already learned some of these, learning these will be easy. Try to learn them all and use them in your sentences.


Iأنا
Weنحن

Heهو
Sheهي
They (dual) هما
They (masculine plural)هم
They (feminine plural)هنّ

You (masculine) أنت
You (feminine)أنتِ
You (dual)أنتما
You (masculine plural)أنتم
You (feminine plural)أنتن

[Muhaba]

Week 4
This week’s vocabulary:
Big كبير
School مَدْرَسَة
Student (male) طالب -
Student (female) طالبة -
Studied – دَرَسَ
Studies - يَدْرَسُ
Cat - قِطَّة
Near - قَرِيْب

To make simple sentences starting with nouns (الجملة الإسمية ) , you can use noun + a word that tells more about the noun, called khabar خبر in Arabic. The خبر can be an adjective, a verb phrase, a noun phrase, a prepositional phrase, etc.
Adjective as خبر :
The house is big. البيتُ كبيرٌ
The school is far. ٌ المدرسة ُ بعيدة
My house is near. بيتي قَرِيب

(Note: In Arabic, if a noun is at the beginning of a sentence it is normally a proper noun (that is, it contains ال ). A sentence may start with a preposition, for example: في البيت قطة A cat is in the house. If the subject is a common noun, it should be preceded by the predicate, as in the above sentence.

If the subject of a sentence is feminine, the adjective is also feminine.
The (female) student is intelligent. الطالبة زكية
The (male) student is intelligent. الطالب زكيٌ
Practice tip: make sentences to describe something or someone.

Verb phrase as خبر :
He is studying هو يدرس.
He studied . هو درسَ

Practice tip: make sentences to tell what someone did or is doing.

Noun as خبر:
I am a student. أنا طالبٌ
I am a (female) student. أنا طالبةٌ
The man is a teacher. الرجلُ مدرسٌ
The girl is a student. البنتُ طالبة ٌ.

Prepositional phrase as خبر :
The cat is in the garden. القطةُ في الحَدِيقةِ
The (female) students are in the class. الطالباتُ في الصفِ
The boy is in his house. الولدُ في بيتِه
I am in my room. أنا في غرفتِي
A man is in the car. في السيارةِ رجلٌ

Practice tip: make sentences to tell where something is.

Other forms of خبر :
I am going. أنا ذاهبٌ
He has studied. هو دارس


Note: if the subject is feminine, then the verb will also be feminine:
She is studying. . هي تدرس
She studied. . هيَّ دَرَسَتْ

Note: when a pronoun is attached to a noun, the noun doesn’t contain ال .
الولدَ في البيتِ
الولدَ في بيته
Practice tip: Make nominal sentences( الجملة الإسمية ) using different kinds of خبر . you can use nouns or pronouns. Use your English to Arabic dictionary to get nouns, verbs and adjectives.

**********************
Common usage:
Where would you like to go? أين تريد أن تذهبَ ؟
I want to go to the market. أريدُ أن أذهبَ إلى السوق.
Where are you going? أين تذهب؟
I am going to the market. أذهبُ إلى السوق.
******************

[Muhaba]

Supplement - Prepositions in sentences
This week’s vocabulary:
Prepositions:

On - على
In - في
Under - تحت
To - إلى
From - من

Table - طاولة
Bag - حقيبة
Cat - قطة
Bed - سرير

You already learned to use prepositions in الجملة الفعلية . You can also use them in الجملة الإسمية , as follows:
الولدُ في البيت ِ. The boy is in the house.
القطة ُ على الطاولة ِ. The cat is on the table.
الحقيبة ُ تحت السرير ِ. The bag is under the bed.

The boy is going to his house - الولدُ يذهبُ إلى بيتِه
The boy went to his house. - الولد ذهبَ إلى بيته
The boy is going to his house – الولدُ ذاهِبٌ إلى بيتِه

Note that the singular noun following the preposition contains a kasra ( ِ ) on the last letter.


Prepositions can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence, mainly if the subject of the sentence is not a proper noun.
في البيت ِ ولد ٌ A boy is in the house. (Literally, in the house is a boy.)
على الكرسية ِ حقيبة ٌ A bag is on the chair.
تحت الشجرِ قطة ٌ A cat is under the tree.

Note that in Arabic, a common noun usually contains tanwin ( ً , ٌ , ٍ ) on the last letter, while a proper noun contains only one vowel ( َ , ُ , ِ ).

Practice Tip: make sentences using prepositions.

[Muhaba]

Week 5 - Showing Possession in Arabic


Two ways to show possession in Arabic are: By using possessive pronouns (which are attached to the noun) and by using the word ل (which means of) + pronoun or noun.
Some examples:
Whose لِمَنْ (Whose book is this? لمن هذا الكتاب؟ )
Mine لي (This book is mine. هذا كتاب لي. )
Ours لنا (This house is ours. هذا البيت لنا. )
Yours masculine singular لكَ (It is yours. هو لَكَ )
Yours (feminine singular) لك ِ (the book is yours. الكتابُ لك ِ )
Yours (plural) لكمْ (The house is yours. البيتُ لكُمْ )
His له (The book is his. الكتاب له )
Hers لها (the bag is hers. الحقيبة لها )

To you be your way and to me, mine.
لكم دينكم و لي الدين
For you your deeds, and for us our deeds.
لكم أعمالكم و لنا أعمالنا.

The second way is to use possessive pronouns. Possessive pronouns are attached to the end of the noun.
Some possessive pronouns are:
My ي - your (masculine) كَ - your (feminine) كِ - your (plural) كم - his ه - hers ها - theirsهم - theirs (feminine) هن -
(note: some of these are the same as subject pronouns and some are the same as object pronouns.)

Some examples are as follows: (note that the pronoun at the end is the possessive pronoun.)
My book كتابي
Your bookكتابك
His book كتابه
Her book كتابها
Their bookكتابهم
Their (feminine) bookكتابهن
Their (dual) book كتابهما

Sentences using possessive pronouns:
Whose house is this? لِمَنْ هذا البيت؟
This is my house. هذا بيتي.
It is her house. إنّه بيتها
That is my bag. تلك حقيبتي.
The boys (or the children) went to their houses. الأولاد ذهبوا إلى بيوتهم.

A third way to show possession is to write the owner’s name after the possessed item’s name, with a kasra on the last letter of the second noun. The first noun contains the vowel appropriate for its position in the sentence.
The boy’s chair . كُرْسيةُ ولدِ
The boy’s chair is big. كرسيةُ الولدِ كبيرةٌ
The boy’s chair broke. كسر كرسيةُ الولدِ
I sat on the boy’s chair. جلسْتُ على كرسيةِ الولدِ
I bought the boy’s chair. أشْتريتُ كُرْسيةَ الولدِ
Note that the first noun (the possessed item مضاف ) contains a vowel appropriate for its position in the sentence, that is, whether it is the subject, the object, etc. The second noun (the possessor, مضاف إليه ) contains a kasra on the last letter. (This is equivalent to using an apostrophe + s ( ‘s ) to show possession in English.) As you can see from the above examples, when the singular noun is the subject of the sentence, it contains a damma on the last letter. When it is an object, it contains a fathha on the last letter. And when it follows a preposition, it contains a kasra on the last letter.
More examples:
حقيبةُ البناتِ
علبة كبريت
عطلة الصيفِ
مدرسون المدرسةِ
كتب الطلابِ
سيارات المدرسين

Note: possession doesn’t have to mean that the item is owned by someone.
For example in the following sentence, the relationship between the two words is that of possession, but one doesn’t own the other, just as in English, using an apostrophe + s doesn’t necessarily mean someone owns something:
The company’s director. مدير الشركةِ
Our class. صفنا
My God. إلهي
His sister. أخته
Your teacher. مدرستك

Practice tip: make sentences to show possession, using both pronouns and nouns.

[Muhaba]

W5 SUPPLEMENT – Possessive Pronouns

The following is a list of possessive pronouns along with examples:
My – كِِتَابي- ي (my book)
Our - كِتَابُُنا- نا (our book)

Your (masculine singular) - كتابكَ- كَ (your book)
Your (feminine singular) - كتابك ِ- ك ِ (your book)
Your (masculine dual) - كتابكما- كما (your book)
Your (feminine dual) - كتابكما- كما (your book)
Your (masculine plural) - ْ كتابكم- كم (your book)
Your (feminine plural) - كتابكُنَّ - كُنَّ (your book)

His - حقيبتهُ)- ه (his bag)
Her - حقيبتها- ها (her bag)
Their (masculine dual) - حَقِيْبَتهُما- هما (their bag)
Their (feminine dual) - حقيبتهما- هما (their bag)
Their (masculine plural) - حَقِيبَتهُمْ- همْ (their bag)
Their (feminine plural) - حقيبتهُنَّّ- هنّ (their bag)

Practice Tip: learn to use possessive pronouns.

[Muhaba]

Week 6: The Verbal Sentence
This week’s vocabulary:
Man رجل
Womanإمرأة
Male teacherمُدَرِّس
Female teacherمُدَرِّسَة
Student طالب
Female student طالبة
Mother - أم
Father - أب - أبو

More Subject Pronouns:
They (dual)هما
They (plural)همْ
They (plural feminine)هُنَّ

Sentences that start with a verb (known as جملة فعلية ):
To make simple sentences of this kind, place verb + noun:
The boy went. ذهبَ الولد ُ.
The (male) teacher laughed. ضحكَ المدرسُ.
The man sat. جلسَ الرجلُ.
The father beat his son. ضَرَبَ الأبُ ابْنَهُ

If the noun is feminine, place ت at the end of the past tense noun. (This تْ has a sukun on it.)
The (female) teacher went.ذهبَتْ المدرسة ُ.
The woman sat. ُ جلسَتْ المرأة
The mother looked at her son. نَظَرَتْ الأمُ إلى وَلَدِها.

In place of the noun in these sentences, a pronoun can also be used. This pronoun is attached to the verb:
I went - ذهبتُ
You went - ذهبتَ
We went - ذهبنا
They went - ذهبوا
They (feminine) went –ذهبْنَ

In the case of the pronouns he and she, the subject pronouns ( هو , هي ) are used with the verb, unless the verb is followed by a noun.
He went – هو ذهبَ
She went –هي ذهبَتْ
Khalid went - ذهبَ خالد
Maryam went –ذهبت مريم

Note: that in Arabic, the singular subject contains a damma ُ on the last letter.

**************
Common Usage:
What do you do? ماذا تعمل؟
I am a student. أنا طالبٌ - أنا طالبة. إنّني طالبٌ - إنني طالبة ٌ.
What are you doing? ماذا تفعل؟
I am studying. إنني أدرسُ. / أنا أدْرُسُ.
********************
Practice tip: write about what you or someone else did using past tense verbs. Use your English – Arabic dictionary for words.

[Muhaba]

Supplement - Conjugated Subject Pronouns:

There are subject pronouns (pronouns that show who is doing the action) which are attached to verbs. With some of these, it is not necessary to use nouns or pronouns, while with others it is necessary to clarify who is doing the action. The following are examples of subject pronouns attached to past tense verbs:
I - تُ
I went - ذَهَبْتُ
I said - قُلْتُ
I ate - أكَلْتُ

You (masculine) - تَ
You went - ذَهَبْتَ
You said - قُلْتَ
You ate - أكلْتَ

You (feminine) - تِ
You (feminine) went - ذهبْتِ
you (feminine) said - قُلْتِ
you (feminine) ate - أكَلْتِ

We - نا
We went - ذهبْنا
We said - قلْنا
We ate - أكلْنا

They (masculine) - وا
They went - ذَهَبُوا
They said - قالُوا
They ate - أكلُوا
They (feminine) - نَ
They (feminine) went - ذَهَبْنَ
They (feminine) said - قُلْنَ
They (feminine) ate - أكلْنَ

Some sentences using subject pronouns conjugated with verbs:
I went home. ذهبْتُ إلى البيتِ
You asked a question.سألْتَ سؤالاً
Where are the children? They went to school. أينَ الأولاد؟ ذهبوا إلى المدرسة
Have you eaten dinner? Yes, we have. هل أكلْتم العشاء ؟ نعم, أكلنا

Practice tip: tell what people did using conjugated subject pronouns.

[Muhaba]

Week 7- Making more complex sentences
This week’s vocabulary:
Plateسحن
Tableطاولة
Fellسقط
Park / gardenحديقة
From من
Toإلى
Onعلى
Apple تفاحة

You can make more complex sentences by adding a preposition + noun to the sentence:
The boy went to the park. ذهبَ الولدُ إلى الحديقةِ
The student went to his house. ذهب الطالبُ إلى بيته or ذهب الطالبُ إلى البيت (which means the same thing, to his house and not to the house.)
The plate fell from the table سقط السحنُ من الطاولةِ.
The man sat on the chair. ِ جلسَ الرجلُ على الكرسي

Or by using a direct object in the sentence:
The (female) teacher read the lesson. قرأتْ المدرسة ُ الدرسَ.
The boy ate an apple. أكل الولدُ التفاحة َ.
I ate dinner. أكلْتُ العشاء


Note that the direct object contains a fathha َ on the last letter when it is singular.
Practice tip: make sentences using prepositional phrases and direct objects.

[LightLine]

thank you sister , very useful

[Salahudeen]

jazakallah khair

[Muhaba]

Week 7 Supplement: Other conjugations

In Arabic, pronouns can be attached to prepositions as well as nouns.
Here are some examples of pronouns attached to prepositions.
From us - = منا من + نا
To us - لَ + نا = لنا
In it - في + ه = فيه
To him - ل + ه = له
To it - إلى + ه = إليه
To us -إلى + نا = إلينا
To you - إلى + ك = إليك
To her - إلى + ها = إليها
On it - على + ه = عليه

Some examples in sentences:
It belongs to me. هو لي
Send it to him. أرسله إليه
Go to him (or go to it).اذهب إليه
Learn from us.تتعلم منا
It is in it. هو فيه
It is on it. هو عليه

Practice: make sentences using prepositions conjugated with pronouns.

[piXie]

Assalamu alaikum

I joined late and trying to catch up. Please could you put the harakahs on the letters?

Good initiative, jazakAllaah Khair (:

[Muhaba]

thank you. insha-Allah i will try to do that.

[piXie]

Inshaa Allaah, please as soon as you can as I really want to do this its brilliant mashaa Allaah. jazakAllaah Khair

[Muhaba]

Week 8: The Present Tense
This week’s vocabulary:

Some present tense verbs (with the past tense verb in parentheses):
To drink - شَرِبَ- يَشْرَبُ drank
To sleep - نامَ- ينامُ slept
To eat - أكلَ- يأكُلُ
To study - درسَ- يدْرَسُ
To walk - مشا- يمْشي
To return - عادَ- يَعودُ returned
To stand - قامَ- يقومُ
To wait - انتظر- ينتظِرُ

Up till now I mostly used verbs in the past tense, like ذهب , درس .
To make the present tense of the verb, add one of the present tense letters to the beginning of the (past tense) verb: for example, يدرسُ <- درسَ , يذهبُ <- ذهبَ
The present tense letters are: , ي , ت , ن أ/إ
I study / I am studying أدرسُ
I am going. أذهبُ
We study ندرسُ

He studies(هو) يدرسُ
She studies(هي) تدرس

You study(أنتَ) تدرس

Noun + present tense verbs:
The boy studies. الولدُ يدرس
The girl studies. البنتُ تدرس

Practice tip: make sentences about what you or someone else is doing using present tense verbs. use nouns as well as pronouns in your sentences.

[Muhaba]

I did put vowels on some words but they don't always appear correctly in the posts here. i don't know how to fix the problem.

[piXie]

I did put vowels on some words but they don't always appear correctly in the posts here. i don't know how to fix the problem.

jazakAllaah Khair. Its okay I will print off the pages and take them to an Arabic teacher to mark the rest of the vowel signs =)

[piXie]

^ inshaa Allaah. I forgot to say inshaa Allaah

[piXie]

alhamdu lillaah I was able to ask an Arabic teacher who helped me. They made some corrections also but I can't let u know through PM as I am not yet a full member.

[Muhaba]

Supplement: Numbers 1 – 10
1. واحد
2. اثنتين - اثنين
3.ثلاثة - ثلاث
4.أربعة - أربع
5.خمسة - خمس
6.ستة - ستّ
7.سبعة - سبع
8.ثمانية - ثماني
9.تسعة - تسع
10.عشرة - عشر

There are special rules regarding using numbers in sentences.

1. the numbers 1 and 2 (واحِد واحدة اثنين اثنتين) come after the quantified noun (like any adjective in Arabic) and follow the noun in gender and ending vowel. The quantified noun has the vowel ending appropriate for its position in the sentence, that is, whether it is the subject or object, etc.

جاءَ رَجُلٌ واحدٌ one man came.
جاء رَجُلانِ اثنان two men came.
جاءتْ امرأة واحدةٌ one woman came.
جاءت امرأتان اثنتان two women came.

رَأيْتُ رجلاً واحِداً - I saw one man.
رأيتُ امرأة واحدَةً - I saw one woman.
رأيتُ رَجُلَيْنِ اثنين - I saw two men.
رأيتُ امرأتين اثنتين - I saw two women.

As you can see from the above examples, the number two اثنتين - اثنين changes case (subject / object) like the regular masculine dual noun. More about that in the lesson on singular and plural nouns.)

2. When using numbers 3 to 10, the number’s gender is opposite the gender of the quantified noun. That is, when used with masculine noun, the number contains the ending feminine ة and when used with a feminine noun, the number doesn’t contain the ending feminine ة . additionally, the quantified item comes after the number and is in the majroor case (that is, contains a kasra when singular) . While the number contains the vowel ending appropriate for its position in the sentence, that is, whether it is the subject or object or follows a preposition.

For example, three men: ثلاثة رجال

Three women: ثلاث نساء
10 books:عشرة كتب - كتاب is masculine
10 cars: عشر سيارات



Practice tip: learn to use numbers in sentences correctly.

[- Qatada -]

:salamext:


jazakillah khayr.

I think it would be useful for beginners if you typed it up with Transliteration too, since that is one of the best ways to remove the confusion on the harakaat.


Also, it might be good to give a lesson on the reasons why certain harakaat are used. i.e. the useage of maRfoo', maNsoob and maJroor.

This touches upon that; http://linguisticmiracle.com/i3rab_index.htm

[User29123]

Can you please make the Arabic letters a bit bigger.

[User29123]

oh edit where can I find a free online dictionary from?

[Muhaba]

:salamext:


jazakillah khayr.

I think it would be useful for beginners if you typed it up with Transliteration too, since that is one of the best ways to remove the confusion on the harakaat.


Also, it might be good to give a lesson on the reasons why certain harakaat are used. i.e. the useage of maRfoo', maNsoob and maJroor.

This touches upon that; http://linguisticmiracle.com/i3rab_index.htm

Insha-Allah that lesson is coming soon. i placed it later in the course so students wouldn't get confused with too much grammar.

[Muhaba]

Week 9: some questions
This week’s vocabulary:
What – مَاذَا
When - مَتَى
Where - أَيْنَ
In - فِيْ
On - عَلَى
Trip - رِحْلَة
Table - طاوِلَة
Market - سُوْق
Bag - حَقِيْبَة
How? – كَيْفَ؟

Here are some examples of questions with answers:
What are you studying? ماذا تَدْرُس؟
As you can see, the question is simply made of the question word and the present tense verb.
I am studying Arabic language.أدْرُسُ لُغَةَ العَرَبِيَّةَ.

Where are you studying?أيْنَ تَدْرُس؟
When will you study?مَتَى تدرس؟

Where will we study?أين ندرس؟
We will study in the school.نَدْرُسُ فِيْ المَدْرَسَةِ.

Where are we going?أين نَذْهَبُ؟
We are going to the market. نذهبُ إلى السُّوْقِ.

All of the above questions are in the present tense. To make questions in the past, simply change the present tense verb to past tense. For example, what did you study? Or what have you studied? ماذا دَرَسْتَِ؟
Where did you go? أينَ ذَهَبْتَِ؟

You can also make questions using question words + nouns:
Where is the book? أَيْنَ الْكِتابُ؟
The book is in the bag. الكِتابُ فِي الحَقِيْبَةِ.
The book is on the table. الكتابُ على الطاوِلَةِ.
How is the travelling? كَيْفَ الْسَفَرُ؟
When is the trip? مَتَى الرِّحْلَة؟
When will be the trip? متى سَتَكون الرحلة


More present tense verb conjugation:
They are studying. هم يَدْرُسُون.
They (female) are studying. هنّ يَدْرُسْنَ

You are studying.أنتَ تَدْرُس.
You (female) are studying. أنت ِ تَدْرُسِينَ.

Practice tip: make questions of your own. Write appropriate answers using both جملة الإسمية and جملة الفعلية .

[Muhaba]

Supplement 9:
Vocabulary:

To drinkيَشْرَبُ
Coffeeقهوى
Then - ثُمَ
So - ف
Sit يَجْلِسُ
Yes - نعم
No - لا

More Present tense conjugation:
You (dual) are studying. أَنْتُما تَدْرُسانِ
You (plural) are studying.أَنْتُمْ تَدْرُسونَ
You (plural feminine) are studying. أنْتُنَّ تَدْرُسْنَ
They are studying. هم يدرسون.
They (feminine) are studying. هنّ يدرسنَ
They (dual) are studying. هما يدرسان ِ
They (dual feminine) are studying. هما تدرسان ِ

Some questions with simple answers:
Did you study anything? هَلْ دَرَسْتَِ شَيْء؟
Yes - نعم
No - لا

What are you drinking? ماذا تشرب؟
Where will we sit? أين نجلس؟

Then - ثم
So - ف
We will study then we will drink coffee. ندرس ثم نشرب قهوى.

Practice tip: make present tense sentences using present tense verbs appropriate for dual and plural nouns/pronouns.

Note: sentences that begin with a verb ( جملة الفعلية) are simpler than sentences that begin with a noun ( جملة الإسمية ) because in sentences beginning with a verb, the verb (preceding the noun) only takes the masculine and feminine forms but not singular and plural forms. While in sentences that begin with a noun, the verb which follows the noun must agree with the noun both in gender and in number.
For example:
The boy went. يذهب الولد / الولد يذهب
The girl went. تذهب البنت /البنت تذهب
The two boys went. يذهب الولدان /الولدان يذهبان
The two girls went. تذهب البنتان /البنتان تذهبان
The boys went. يذهب الأولاد /الأولاد يذهبون
The girls went. تذهب البنات /البنات يذهبْنَ

[Muhaba]

Week 10: Words that make the present tense verb mansoob منصوب .
This Week’s Vocabulary:
Market – سوق
Will – سوف
Will not - لَنْ
Work - يعمل
Will work - سيعمل
Will not work - لن يعمل
Trip - رِحْلَة

Normally, the present tense verb contains a damma on the last letter if it is used with a singular noun. This is known as the marfoo case.

For example, to go - يذْهبُ

And if it is used with a dual noun or a plural masculine noun, the present tense verb contains a ن at the end (in the marfoo case).

For example, (two persons) go - يذهبان or (many) go - يذهبون

If it is used with the second person feminine pronoun (you - أنْتِ ) the present tense verb ends in a ya and nun ين.

The above are examples of the present tense verb in the marfoo مرفوع case. The present tense verb is normally in the marfoo case except when it is conjugated with the feminine plural pronoun نَ .

When used with a feminine plural noun, the present tense verb always ends in a sukun on the last letter of the verb + the feminine plural pronoun نَ . that is, it is mabny مبني , constructed that way and unchanging.
For example, (many women) go - يذهبْنَ
In this example, the last letter of the verb is ب which ends in sukun ْ. The نَ at the end is the feminine plural pronoun.



The mansoob منصوب case:

When the present tense verb is preceded by one of the huroof nasb حروف النصب , the present tense verb’s ending changes. If it has a damma on the last letter, then the damma is changed to a fathha. And if it ends in a ان or ون or ين (when used with أنتِ ) then the ending ن is omitted.

For example,
I will study. سَأدْرُسُ --> I will not study. لَنْ أدْرُسَ
The two boys will go to the market. الوَلَدانِ سَوْفَ يَذْهَبان إلى السوق. --> The two boys will not go to the market. الولدان لَنْ يَذْهَبا إلى السوق.
The men will work. الرِّجالُ سَيَعْمَلُون --> the men will not work. الرجال لن يعملوا
You (feminine) will go on the trip. أنْتِ سَتَذْهَبِين على الرحلة --> you will not go on the trip. أنتِ لنْ تذهَبِيْ على الرحلةِ

If the present tense verb used with a feminine plural noun then its form doesn’t change. Its form remains the same, ending in a sukun on the last letter + the feminine plural pronoun نَ .

The حروف النصب are:
أن , لنْ , كي , لِ (لام التعليل) , حتى , إذن
( كَي can be used alone or as لِكيْ .)


So if the present tense verb comes after one of these words, then the ending changes.

Some more examples:

I want to buy some clothes for Eid. أريدُ أنْ أشتريَ ملابساً للعيد
(note that the verb that comes after أنْ has a fathha on the last letter.)
I will not travel. لنْ أسافرَ
The two boys want to study. الولدان يريدان أنْ يدرسا
The teachers want to teach. المعلمون يريدون أن يدَرِّسوا
He came to visit his friends. جاء لكَيْ يزورَ أصدقاءه
You will study until you learn everything. أنْتَ ستدرسُ حتى تَتَعَلمَ كُلَ شَيء
You (feminine) will study until you learn everything.أنْتِ ستدرسين حتى تتعلمِيْ كل شيء

However, when the feminine plural present tense verb is used with one of the حروف النصب , the feminine plural verb remains the same, that is it is mabny مبني (unchanging).
The female teachers want to teach. المعلمات يردْنَ أنْ يدَرِّسْنَ

Note: the word أنْ is used between two verbs. Use it when you want to use two verbs in one sentence.
Practice tip: learn to use huroof nasb in sentences.

[Muhaba]

Supplement - Using the Arabic to English dictionary

There are many types of Arabic to English dictionaries available.

Some are simple and concise. They contain fewer words than the more complex ones, but they are equally useful for the beginner student.
Some examples are:

Al-Mawrid Al Qareeb المورد القريب Arabic – English Pocket Dictionary

In this and similar dictionaries you can search for verbs and nouns. To search for verbs, you need to look for the root form of the verb, which is the past tense of the verb. Most verbs in Arabic contain three-letter root forms while some verbs contain 4 letters in the root form. There are also verbs that contain 5 and 6 letters in the past tense but these verbs are derived from the 3 or 4 letter verbs. For example, the 5 letter past tense verb انكسر is derived from the 3 letter verb كَسَرَ which means broke.
In concise dictionaries such as المورد القريب , you can search for verbs using their past tense, whether the verb contains 3, 4, 5, or 6 letters in the past tense. You can also search for nouns just as you would in any dictionary.
For example, to search for the noun اِسْتِفْهام which means inquiry, you need to simply look up استَفْهَمَ which means to inquire . In simple dictionaries, you can also search for the noun of a verb, such as إستفهام . however, if you don’t find it, then look up the verb.

There are also more complex Arabic – English dictionaries containing more entries than the concise dictionaries, such as the Hans Wehr Arabic – English Dictionary. In this dictionary, you can search for 3 and 4 letter root verbs easily, simply by looking up the past tense of the verb. However, to search for 4 letter past tense verbs derived from 3 letter verbs or 5 and 6 letter past tense verbs derived from 3 or 4 letter root verbs, you need to look up the 3 or 4 letter past tense root word. You cannot find these 4, 5 or 6 letter verbs just by looking up their past tense. Additionally, to look up nouns derived from verbs, even if the noun contains 6 letters or is apparently the noun of a 5 or 6 letter verb, you need to look up the main root of the verb, whether it is a 3 letter verb or a 4 letter verb.

For example, the noun اِسْتِفْهام (meaning inquiry) comes from the 6 letter verb استَفْهَمَ . however, the main root of the verb is the 3 letter verb فَهِمَ , meaning “understood”. So to look up استفهام you need to look up فهم and then search for اِسْتِفْهام in the list of words derived from فهم .

This sort of dictionary is more complex and more difficult to use. So beginner students should stick to the concise dictionary. However, having this dictionary is a good thing and should be used if you can’t find a word in the concise dictionary.

Note: sometimes the concise dictionary will have one or a few common meanings of a word. In that case, you should look up the word in the larger complex dictionary because a word may have many meanings and to properly understand the text you are reading, you will need to know the appropriate definition which may not be the concise dictionary.

Practice – get a concise Arabic – to – English dictionary and practice using it. Also, if possible, get a more complex dictionary for your reference library.

[Muhaba]

Dec. 31, 2010
Week 11
This Week’s Vocabulary:
To return (or to revise) يَرْجٍِعُ
House مَنْزِل
Roomغُرْفَة
My daughter اِبْنَتِي
(daughter اِبنة )
My sonاِبْنِي
(son اِبن )
Oh يا
Cleaned نَظَفَ
To clean يُنَظِف

Imperative Verb:
To make the imperative form of the verb, replace the present tense letters ( أ , ن , ت , ي) (at the beginning of the verb present tense verb) with ُ ا or ِ ا . (in other words, just add the hamza to the beginning of the past tense verb and place a sukun on the next letter (the first letter of the past tense verb).
يذهبُ -> اِذْهَبْ
يدرسُ -> ا ُدْرُسْ

To find out whether to use ا ُ (Alif with a damma on top) or ا ِ (Alif with a kasra), look at the third letter of the present tense verb. If it contains a fathha or a kasra, use ا ِ in the imperative form. If it contains a damma, use ا ُ in the imperative form.

Examples:
يدرُس -> ا ُدرس
يذهَب -> اذهب
يرجٍع -> ارجع
اِشْرَحْ -> يَشْرَحُ(Explain)


Note: the imperative form of the three-letter verb doesn’t contain a hamza on the alif. That is, the alif is hamza-tul-wasl (which is only pronounced at the start of a statement.)
Note. The above verbs (used with the singular pronoun, you) contain a sukun on the last letter in the imperative form.

(أنتَ) اذهب masculine singular
(أنت ِ) اذهبي feminine singular
(أنتما) اذهبا masculine and feminine dual
(أنتم) اذهبوا masculine plural
(أنتنّ) اذهبنَ feminine plural
Note: the pronouns (in parentheses) are not necessary. Using just the imperative form of verb is enough.
Note that the imperative form of the verb ends in a sukun on the last letter in the singular form (for example, اذهب ). In the dual and masculine plural forms as well as the feminine singular, the ن from the end is omitted. (for example, اذهبا , اذهبوا , اذهبي ). In the feminine plural, the verb also has a sukun on the last letter of the verb. The نَ at the end is a feminine plural pronoun. (for example in اذهبنَ the sukun in on the بْ and the نَ after the بْ is the feminine plural pronoun.

To make it easy for you to learn the imperative forms, memorize the above verbs with pronouns and use them to help you when using any imperative form.

Some examples in sentences:
Study the book. اُدرسْ الكتاب
Read (feminine) the newspaper. اِقْرئي الجَرِيْدَة
Explain the lesson. اِشْرح الدرسَ

Note: some words don’t start with hamza in the imperative form (for example ( نظف .
O my daughter, clean the house. يا ابنتي , نظفي المنزل .
O my son, clean your room. يا ابني , نظف غرفتك.

Some other examples:
Talk to him. كَلمْ بِهِ or تَحَدَّث مَعَهُ
(hadith:) Be in this world like a stranger or wayfarer (traveler). كُنْ في الدُنْيا كأنَّكَ غَريب أو عابِر السَبِيل



Practice tip: make sentences using imperative verbs.

[Muhaba]

Imperatives of verbs containing the letters ا, ي , و .
The letters ا , ي , و are known as sick letters, that is الحروف العلة . This is because sometimes these letters are omitted.
If a verb has one of these letters, in the imperative form it is omitted.
Some examples:
He said - قال
Say - قُلْ
He slept - نام
Sleep - نِمْ



If the حروف العلّة come at the end of the verb, it is removed in the imperative form and the letter preceding it has the letter appropriate for حرف العلة letter that is removed (from the present tense verb). (damma ُ for wow و , kasra ِ for yahي , and fathha َ for alif ا .)

Some examples:
past tense - Feared and adored - اتقى
present tense - To fear يَتَّقِي
imperative - Fear - اتقِ

Past tense - Walked – مَشَى
present tense - To walk - يَمْشِي
Imperative - Walk - اِمْشِ

past tense - Judged – قضى
present tense - To judge - يقضِي
imperative - Judge - اِقضِ

Past tense - Prayed or called someone – دعا
present tense) - To pray or to call - يدعو
past tense - Pray or call – اُدْعُ

Note, while alif ( ا , ى ) is one of the حروف العلّة , hamza ( أ,إ ) isn’t. This is because the alif is a حرف مدة which elongates the vowel on the letter before it but it isn’t pronounced in itself while the hamza is pronounced. Consider the difference between the sound of alif and hamza in the following two words:
He slept - نامَ
نَأخذ

[Muhaba]

Week 11 supplement 2
Conjugation of the imperative verb with pronouns

As you learned, the singular normal verb’s imperative form is made by replacing the present tense letters (أ – ن – ت - ي) with ا and placing a sukun on the last letter. And the imperative of the singular verb containing (sick letters – ا – و - ي) حروف العلة is formed by replacing the present tense letters with ا and omitting the حرف العلة .
In addition to the second person (you) masculine singular pronoun, the imperative verb can be conjugated with the following pronouns: second person feminine singular, you dual, you plural, and you feminine plural. The imperative forms of these verbs are formed simply by replacing the present tense letter with ا and omitting the ending ن (from the first three types of verbs). As for the feminine plural second person verb, its imperative is formed by just replacing the present tense letter (ي) with ا . There is no other change in the verb.
Consider the past tense verb ذهَبَ he went. The present tense is يذهبُ
Present tense verb --> imperative form
You (masculine) go تذهبُ أنتَ --> اِذهَبْ
You )feminine( go تذهبينَ أنتِ --> اذهبي
You dual go تذهبانِ أنتما --> اذهبا
You masculine plural go تذهبون أنتم --> اذهبوا
You feminine plural go تذهبْنَ أنتُنَّ --> اذهبْنَ

More examples:
Present tense verb --> imperative form
You (masculine): go تدرسُ --> اُدرُسْ
You feminine go تدْرُسينَ --> اُدْرُسي
You dual go تدرسانِِ --> ادرسا
You masculine plural go تدرسون --> ادرسوا
You feminine plural go تدرسْنَ --> ادرسْنَ

Practice tip: make the imperative forms of any 5 verbs that you know for the pronouns: أنتَ – أنتِ – أنتما – أنتم - أنتنَّ

[AmineH]

salaam
this is really useful. Please go ahead.

[Muhaba]

Week 12 – Singular and plural nouns

This Week’s Vocabulary
Engineer (professional) مهندس
Car سيارة
Man رجل
Woman أنثة
student طالِب
female student طالِبَة

To make the plural of regular masculine nouns, add a ون to the end of the word, in the subject position.
مُدَرِّس -> مُدَرِّسُون
مُهَنْدِس -> مُهَنْدِسُوْن

To make the plural of a regular feminine noun, add an ات to the end of the word.
مُدَرِّسَة -> مُدَرِّسَات
سَيَّارَة -> سَيَّارَات
طلابة --> طالبات

Some words are irregular nouns. Their plural isn’t made in the normal manner. The plural of such words have to be memorized.
For example:
كِتاب -> كُتُب
رَجُل -> رِجَال
أُنْثَة -> نِسَاء
طالب --> طُلاب

Note: feminine singular nouns usually end in ة .

Practice tip: find singular nouns in your English – Arabic dictionary and make their plural forms. Post to practice / conversation thread.

[Muhaba]

Supplement 12: Understanding what you read

The vowels on the last letter of the Arabic noun change depending on the noun’s position in the sentence, whether it is the subject or the object or follows a preposition.

Commonly, if a noun is the subject of the sentence, it will have a damma ( ُ , ٌ ) on it. (This is known as the marfoo مرفوع case.) But if it is the object, then it will have a fathha ( َ , ً ) on it. (This is known as the mansoobمنصوب case.)
ضربَ الولدُ الكلبَ The boy hit the dog.
شربَتْ القطة ُ الحليب َ the cat drank the milk.

In the above sentences, the first noun is the subject of the sentence and so contains a damma on the last letter; the second noun is the object and so contains a fathha on the last letter.

If a noun is preceded by a preposition (known as حرف الجر ) then the word will have a kasra ( ِ , ٍ ) on the last letter. (This is known as the majroor مجرور case.)
جلس الطلاب ُ في السف ِ The students sat in the class.
وضعَتُ حقيبَتِي في الغرفة ِ I put my bag in the room.
In each of the above sentences, the last noun follows a preposition and so is in the majroor case; it contains a kasra under the last letter.
(Singular noun ending: marfoo case: damma. Mansoob case: fathha. Majroor case: kasra)

Note: The above is the case if the noun is singular or irregular (singular or plural). But if the noun is a plural regular noun, then its ending will be different, as follows.

The plural masculine regular nouns normally end in a ن و in the subject position (marfoo case). In the object position (منصوب case) or if it follows a preposition (مجرور case), this ون changes to ين with a kasra ( ِ ) on the letter before the ي .
subject مرفوع position: جاء المُعَلِّمون the instructors came
Objectمنصوب position: رأيْتُ المعلمين I saw the instructors.
Majroor مجرور case:إنتظرت للمعلمين I waited for the instructors.
(Masculine regular plural noun ending: marfoo case:ون . mansoob and majroor case:ين )

The feminine regular plural noun normally ends in a ات with a damma ُ on the ت when it is in the subject position. But in the object position or if it follows a preposition, the damma changes to a kasra ( ِ ).
Subject مرفوع position: ُ جاءتْ المعلمات the female instructors came.
Object منصوب position:ِ رأيتُ المعلمات I saw the female instructors.
Majroor مجرور position:إنْتَظَرْتَ للمعلمات ِ I waited for the female instructors.
(Feminine plural noun ending: marfoo case: damma on last letter. Mansoob and majroor case: kasra on last letter)

The dual noun normally ends in a ان in the subject position. This is the case whether it is the dual of a masculine, feminine or irregular noun. In the object position or if it follows a preposition, the dual noun’s ending is changed to a ين with a fathha ( َ ) on the letter before the ي.
مرفوع position:جاء طالبان ِ , جاءت طالبتان The two students came, the two female students came.
منصوب position:رأيتُ طالبَيْن ِ , رأيت طلبتَيْن ِ I saw the two students, I saw the two female students.
مجرور position: مَررْت بِطالبَيْن ِ , مررت بِطالِبَتَيْن ِ I passed by the two students, I passed by the two female students.
(Dual noun ending: marfoo case:ان . mansoob and majroor case: ين)

The irregular plural noun ends in the same way as the singular noun. In the subject position, it ends with a damma. In the object position, it ends with a fathha. And if it follows a preposition, it ends with a kasra.
مرفوع position: جاء الطلابُ the students came.
منصوب positon: رأيتُ الطلاب َ I saw the students.
مجرور position: نظرتُ إلى الطلاب ِ I looked at the students.
(irregular noun plural ending: marfoo case: damma. Mansoob case: fathha. Majroor case: kasra)

(There are however words that change the normal vowels/word ending. For example, the harf moshabaha bil fail (إنّ etc.)and the afaal naqisa(كان etc.) More about that later, insha-Allah.)

More sentences containing the noun in the marfoo, mansoob, and majroor cases along with brief analysis:
قرأتُ الدرسَ I read the lesson.
الدرسَ : اسم منصوب
Note: اسم here means noun.

نَظَرْتُ إلى الوَرَقَةِ I looked at the paper.
الورقةِ : اسم مجرور
إلى : حرف جر

الولدُ يَلْعَبُ بِالكُرَةِ the boy is playing with the ball.
الولدُ : اسم مرفوع
الباء : حرف جر
الكرة ِ : اسم مجرور

الرَجُلان يسوقان سيارتَينِ the two men are driving the two cars.
الرجلان ِ : اسم مرفوع
سيارتَيْن ِ : اسم منصوب

المدرستان تَدْخُلان المدْرَسَة َ the two female teachers are entering the schoo.
المُدَرِّسَتان ِ : اسم مرفوع
المدرسة َ : اسم منصوب

المُدَرسون يدرسون الطلابَ the teachers are teaching the students.
المدرسون : اسم مرفوع
الطلابَ : اسم منصوب

المُدَرسات يَقرأنَ الكتُبَ the female teachers are reading the books.
المدرسات : اسم مرفوع
الكتب : اسم منصوب

For more practice, see lessons 12 and 13

Practice tip: read a story / article in Arabic and see how much you can understand. Try to get a story appropriate for your learning level.

Try reading my first story written in Arabic. You can find it at http://www.islamicboard.com/arabic/1...ml#post1237950
Talk about what you read in Arabic on the conversation / practice thread.

[Muhaba]

i hope the course hasn't become too complicated. any comments, please post to the conversation board.
thanks to all who commented!

[Muhaba]

Week 13 – the Direct Object

This Week’s Vocabulary:
Bought – اشْتَرَى
Sister – أخْت
My sister – أخْتيْ
Memorize –حَفِظ َ
Lessons – دُروس
Lesson – دَرْس
Houses – بُيوت

The Direct Object

In Arabic, the noun in the direct object position is different from the noun in the subject position.
If the direct object noun is singular, it ends with the fathha vowel ( َ (.

For example, الدرسَ
كتبتُ الدرسَ - I wrote the lesson.
اشترَى الولدُ الكتابَ. – The boy bought the book.
( اشترَى الولدُ كتاباً - The boy bought a book. )
قرأتْ أختي الدرسَ - My sister read the lesson.

The same is the case if the noun is an irregular noun, whether singular or plural:
قرأتُ الكتبَ
رأيت ُ البيوتَ في دمشق
حَفِظْتُ الدروسَ

Practice tip: make sentences containing the direct object. Post to practice / conversation thread.

Note: for more practice, see Week 12 lesson and Supplement 12

[Muhaba]

Supplement: Object pronoun conjugated with the present tense verb


The object (مَفعول به) is the thing that receives the action (is acted upon).
The object in Arabic can be a noun or a pronoun conjugated to a verb.

Object pronouns conjugated to the present tense verb:
Me: ني actually the pronoun here is the ya, but the nun makes it easier to pronounce the verb correctly.
You:ك َ , ك ِ
You (plural): كُم , كن
You (dual): كما
Him:هُ
Her:ها
Them:هم , هنّ
Them (dual):هما

Some examples with present tense verbs:
to treat (someone) well : يكْرمُ

he treats me well –هو يكرمُني
he treats you well –يكرمك
he treats you (plural) well – يكرمكم , يكرمكنّ
he treats you (dual) well – يكرمكما
he treats him well –يكرمه
he treats her well –يكرمها
he treats them well –يكرمهُمْ , يكرمهُنّ
he treats them (dual) well –يكرمهما

The conjugated pronoun in each of the above sentences is in the mansoob position. Note: pronouns are always mabny مبني that their form doesn’t change because of their position in the sentence.
Sentence analysis:
هو يكرمُني
هو: pronounضمير in the subject (marfoo) case. (it is in the mubtada position because the nominal sentence جملة الاسمية starts with it), ضمير في محل رفع مبتدأ
يكرمني: present tense (فعل مضارع ) verb conjugated with object pronoun
ني:ن : نون الوقاية, nun that separates the verb from the pronoun making it easier to pronounce the word.
ي: conjugated pronoun in the object position, ضمبر متصل في محل نصب مفعول به

practice tip: learn to use object pronouns with the present tense verb.
Conjugate any 5 present tense verbs with object pronouns. Try some sentence analysis.

[Muhaba]

Week 14 - More about the direct object.

As you know, the regular masculine plural noun ends in a ون in the subject position.
If the noun is a regular masculine plural noun, the ون at the end of the word is changed to a ين in the direct object position, and the letter before the ي contains a kasra vowel.

جاء المدرسون (The (male) teachers came) -> رأيتُ المدرسين (I saw the (male) teachers.)
أكرمتُ المعلمين I respected the (male) teachers.

In the dual case, the regular masculine and feminine noun normally ends in ان in the subject position. But in the direct object position, this ان changes to a ين as well, except the letter before the ي has a fathha vowel on it.
جاء المدرسان The two male teachers came. -> رأيتُ المدرسَين ِ I saw the two male teachers.
أكرمتُ المعلمَين ِ
جاءتْ المدرستان The two female teachers came -> رأيتُ المدرستَينِ I saw the two female teachers.

The regular female plural noun normally ends in ات with a damma ُ on the ت in the subject position. However, in the direct object position, it ends in a kasra on the ت . تِ
رأيتُ المدرسات ِ
أكرمتُ المدرسات ِ

Practice tip: make sentences containing masculine and feminine plural direct objects. Post to practice / conversation thread.

[Muhaba]

Supplement Object pronoun conjugated with the past tense verb


As with the present tense verb, the object pronoun conjugated with the past tense verb comes at the end of the past tense verb. However the difference is that in the past tense verb, the subject pronoun may also come at the end of the verb, so might have two pronouns at the end of the past tense verb, the first being the subject pronoun (showing who did the action) and the second being the object pronoun (showing on whom the action was done).

Object pronouns conjugated with past tense verbs: (these come at the end of the past tense verb).
Me - ني
You – ك
You plural – كم , كنّ
You dual – كما
Him – ه
Her – ها
Him / her (dual) – هما
Them – هم , هنّ

Example of the past tense verb عَلِمَ (he taught) conjugated with object pronouns:
هو علمنيhe taught me
هو علمك he taught you
هو علمه he taught him
هو علمها he taught her
هو علمهم he taught them
هو علمهن he taught them

Example of past tense pronoun ( علمْتُ) (I taught) conjugated with the subject pronoun and the object pronoun. (the ت at the end of this pronoun is the subject pronoun.)
علمْتك
علمته
علمتها
علمتهم
علمتكم

For more practice with subject pronouns conjugated with verbs, see Week 6 supplement lesson

Practice tip: Conjugate subject and object pronouns with past tense verbs.

[Muhaba]

Week 15 - Future Tense

The Future Tense:

To make sentences in the future tense, simply place سَ or سوف before the present tense verb.
سأدرسُ or سوف أدرسُ I will study.

سأذهبُ إلى البيت I will go home.

سوف أزورُك I will visit you.

سَأنام I will sleep.

المدير سوف يسافر The manager will travel.

المدرس سيُدرّسُنا بعدَ قليل The teacher will teach us after a little while.

(the نا at the end of the verb in the above sentence is the object pronoun conjugated with the present tense verb.)

Note: س is for the near future and سوف is for the distant future.

Practice tip: write about what you or someone else will do in the near future and distant future. Use pronouns or nouns.

[Muhaba]

Supplement:Words referring to Time

Time, clock - الساعة
Minute - دقيقة
Second - الثانية
Hour - الساعة
½ hour – نصف ساعة
One third - ثُلث
Quarter - رُبع
Quarter to two - إثنين إلا ربع
20 minutes to two - إثنين إلا ثلث
2: 15 – إثنبن و ربع
5:30 - خمسة و نصف
5:00 - ساعة خَمْسة
Noon –ظُهر
Morning - سباحاُ
Evening - مساءً
Night - ليل

Practice Tip: talk about time.

[Muhaba]

Vocabulary (Present Tense Verbs) 1

Be يَكون

Becomeيُصبح

Beginيَبْدَأ

Breakيَكْثِر

Bringيَجْلِب

Buildيَبْنى

Buyيَشتري

Catchيَمْسِك

Chooseيَخْتار

Comeيَأتي

Costيُكَلِّف

Cutيَقطَعُ

Dealيُعامِل مَع

Doيَفعَل

Drawيَرْسَم

Drinkيَشْرَب

Driveيَسوق

Eatيَأكُل

Fallيَسْقُط

Feelيَشْعُر

(From list of English irregular verbs, Business Vocabulary in Use for beginners)

Practice tip: conjugate the verbs with pronouns and use them in sentences.
Write the conjugated verb forms for the following pronouns:

أنا I
أنتَ you
أنتِ you
أنتما you dual
أنتم you plural
أنتنّ you plural fem
هو he
هي she
هما they dual mas
هما they dual fem
هم they plural
هنّ they plural fem

For example, some conjugated forms for the verb Feelيَشْعُر are:
I feel أنا أشعرُ
He feels هو يَشْعُرُ
She feelsهِيّ تشعر
You feelأنتَ تشعر
You (fem) feelأنتِ تشعُرِينَ
They feelهم يشعرون
They (fem) feelهنّ يشعُرْنَ

[Muhaba]

Week 16 - Making Questions

Vocabulary:
شرِبَ drank
يشربُ to drink
شاي tea
طعام food
صديق friend
زارَ visited
يزورُ to visit
رَأى saw
يرَى to see
سافرَ travelled
يسافِرُ to travel
أهل family / people
بَلَد country
Who مِن
When متى




أ , هل

هل and أ can be used with verbs, nouns and pronouns to make questions. To make a question, just place one of these words before a verb, noun, or pronoun.

Some examples:

هل + past tense verb:
هل شربْتَ شاي؟ did you drink tea?
هل أكَلَ الولدُ الطعامَ ؟ Did the boy eat the food?

هل + present tense verb:
هل تشرب شاي؟ do you drink tea/ would you like to drink tea?

أ + present tense verb:
أتشرب شاي؟ do you drink tea?

هل + past tense verb:
هل زُرْتَ صديقك؟ have you visited your friend?

هل + present tense verb:
هل تزور صديقك؟ do you visit your friend?

هل + future tense verb:
هل ستزور صديقك؟ are you going to visit your friend?

أ + present tense verb:
أتزور صديقك؟ Do you visit your friend?

أيزورك صديقك؟ Does your friend visit you? (note how the meaning of the sentence changes by conjugating the present tense verb with the object pronoun.) this sentence can also be written as: أصديقك يزورك؟


هل أختكِ زُرتك؟ did your sister visit you?

هل أنت ستزورني؟ are you going to visit me?

أ + pronoun:
أأنت راضي؟ are you pleased?



Using هل and أ you can turn any sentence into a question.
For example:
أنا رأيتُ أهلي I have seen (or I saw) my family.
هل رأيتَ أهلك؟ have you seen your family?

هو سيسافر He will travel.
هل هو سيسافر؟ will he be travelling?


أحِبُ بلدي I love my country.
هل تحب بلدك؟ هل تحبين بلدك؟ Do you love your country?




Practice tip: make questions using هل and أ .

[Pure Purple]

sister i joined this thread very late.It is very difficult to understand Arabic.I have a doubt like If translate the Arabic word to English mostly last word come first and first goes last.
for eg akhlak-alrasool means prophet's manner and other word alaliate fi alislam means Family in Islam.How I will come to know that which word will come first.
(my English very weak plz try to understand)

[Muhaba]

you will need to learn the grammar rules etc. the best thing is to learn the language from the beginning. you will learn sentence structure, etc as you study the language. go slowly and try to learn the material well and practice what you learn in oral conversations. since this course has already gotten so far ahead, you can either study each lesson on your own at your own pace, moving onto the next lesson after you've mastered the previous, or you can use the course with transliteration. since i just started posting those and will be posting them a few lessons at a time gradually, you can progress in the course with those lessons.

i hope i've answered your questions.

[Muhaba]

Week 16 Supplement: Question Words
Vocabulary:
Yes نعم
No لا
With عِند َ | مع
Called اتصل
To call يَتّصِلُ
Liked / loved أحَبَّ
To like / to love يُحِبُّ
Why لِماذا
Where أين
What ما - ماذا


Question words

Who مِن
Who is that (who is he)? من هو؟
Who is with you? مَن عندك؟ or من معك؟
Who are you travelling with?مع من تسافر؟
Who came? من جاءَ؟
Who are you? من أنت؟

When متى
When are you travelling?متى تسافر؟
When are you going to call me? متى تتصلني؟

Where أين
Where are you travelling to? إلى أين تسافر؟
Where is your house? أين بيتك؟

Why لِماذا
Why are you travelling?لِماذا تُسافِر؟
Why are you smiling? لماذا تبتسم؟

What ما - ماذا
What do you have? ماذا عندك؟
What are you taking with you?ماذا تأخذ معك؟
What do you like? ماذا تحب؟

Note: ما is normally used with nouns while ماذا is used with verbs.


To show a choice between two items, use أم in questions.
تشرب شائي أم قهوى؟ Would you like to drink tea or coffee?

To inquire which of two are correct, use أو in the question.
هل تدرسون لغة العربية أو لغة الإنكليزية؟ Do you study Arabic or English?

More questions:
ماذا تشرب؟ شائي أو قهوى؟ What do you drink? Tea or coffee?
ماذا تشرب؟ شائي أم قهوى؟ What (would you like to) drink? Tea or coffee?

هل درستَ شيء؟ Did you study anything?
نعم , درستُ لغة العربية. Yes, I studied Arabic Language.
لا, لم أدرس شيء. No, I didn’t study anything.

Practice tip: make questions similar to those above.

[Muhaba]

Week 17 Negatives


Negative words used with verbs:
The following words make the sentence negative. They are used with verbs.
لا
لم
ما
لن

لا is used with the present tense verb. It is for the present negative sentence.
لا أدرس الآن. I am not studying now.
لا أريد I don’t want (it).
لا أريد أن أدرس. I don’t want to study.

You can make negative sentences by simply placing لا before the present tense verb.
For example:
I am studying now. أنا أدْرَسُ ألآن.
I am not studying now. أنا لا أدرس ألآن .

He is eating an apple. هو يأكل تفاحة
He is not eating an apple. هو لا يأكل تفاحة.

They are travelling. هم يسافرون
They are not travelling. هم لا يسافرون

Note: this lesson discussed لا when it is used with the present tense verb. There are also cases where لا is used with a noun. You will learn those types of sentences later, insha-Allah.

Sentence Analysis:
I am not studying now. أنا لا أدرس ألآن .
أنا subject pronoun mabny in the mubtada position. ضمير منفصل مبني في محل رفع مبتدأ
لا negation word. حرف نفي
أدرَسُ present tense verb marfoo and the sign of رفع is the damma visible at the end . فعل مضارع مرفوع و علامة الرفع الضمة الظاهرة على آخره
ألآن word showing time. ظرف زمان منصوب

Practice tip: make present tense negative sentences.

[Muhaba]

sister i joined this thread very late.It is very difficult to understand Arabic.I have a doubt like If translate the Arabic word to English mostly last word come first and first goes last.
for eg akhlak-alrasool means prophet's manner and other word alaliate fi alislam means Family in Islam.How I will come to know that which word will come first.
(my English very weak plz try to understand)

Once you know what a phrase / sentence means, it will be easy for you to translate it. And you will know the meaning by learning the vocabulary and the grammar. In Arabic, the work of a noun depends on the word’s ending, whether it is marfoo (for example, damma on the last letter of the singular noun) or whether it is mansoob (fathha on the singular noun) or whether it is majroor (kasra on the ending of the singular noun). (normally, the subject is marfoo and the object is mansoob.)

Because of this, in Arabic, the order of the words isn’t always necessary and you can have an order different from the normal order, as is stated in the Arabic grammar book Sharh Ibn Aqeel ala Alfiah Ibn Malik شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك.

Sharh Ibn Aqeel states that it is ok to change the common order of the words in the sentence so you can have the object first and then the subject. In Arabic, because the meaning of a word depends on the word’s ending, therefore it is easy to know what a sentence means even when the words are not in the normal order.
For example, the sentence “the man ate the fish” could be written as:
Akala arrajalo assamaka أكلَ الرَجلُ السمك َ
Or it could be written as akala asamaka arrajalo.أكلَ السمك َ الرجلُ
Both sentences mean the same thing and you know from the ending of the words that rajol (man) is the subject and samak (fish) is the object.

At the beginning of studying Arabic this may seem complicated so stick to the normal order of the words but later you can go into more complex material. This is also where balagha comes, which is writing Arabic in a way that is more beautiful and eloquent.

As for the possessive relationship, in Arabic the possessor noun is in the majroor case (having a kasra on the last letter if it is singular). Although apparently its order is opposite to the order in English, however if you translate it using “of” between the two words, then the order is the same as in English. For example, kitab al-lugha can be translated into language book or book of language. The second translation has the same order as the Arabic phrase. This translation may make it easier for beginners to translate such word phrases. By the way, it is written in Sharh Ibn Aqeel that some linguists say that there is an invisible preposition between the two words which is what makes the second noun (possessor) majroor since the noun that follows the preposition in Arabic is in the majroor case. In that case the phrase بلد الناس (country of the people) would be something like : بلد للناس ِ

About the book شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك: This is a great book and a must-have for those who want to study Arabic seriously. I recommend getting it in Arabic after you have learned the language enough to be able to read and understand it. The book is very simple, although at the beginning you may think that it is a bit hard to understand. I have found the book to be much easier to understand than other grammar books. (The book is actually an explanation of poetry written by Ibn Malik. Ibn Malik wrote the grammar rules in verse and this book explains the grammar verse by verse. It is truly a great book.)

[Pure Purple]

jazakallah sister
I do not understand it well, I want to ask if it l learn Arabic because it will help me to understand Quraan . I have heard Quraan Arabic is different than usual Arabic

[Muhaba]

Quranic Arabic is classical Arabic which is what you're learning here and its what you usually learn in schools. colloquial Arabic (slang Arabic) is what is spoken by Arabs in many Arab countries and it is different from classical Arabic.

[Riana17]

Salam Brother, May Allah reward you

I am studying Basic arabic with intention to read Quran inshallah and increase my khushoo inshallah, inshallah ya Rabb
Will you teach us the meaning of Quran word for word?

Let's say
From Surrah Al Fatiha
Bismillah - Bism (name) Allah = in the Name of Allah بسم الله


سلام

[Muhaba]

no i won't be doing that. i used to and there's a thread on this site someplace with word for word translation of some verses that i posted but i'm not doing that anymore. i read someplace that word for word translation isn't good. i think it's better to read translation verse for verse and even to read some commentary. along with that, you can learn arabic grammar and vocabulary. there are some Qurans that have the meaning of individual difficult words on the margin. you can get one of those if they are available in your language.

[Muhaba]

Extra Practice: grammar related to modaf ilaih

In Week 5 lesson, you learned that to show possession, you can place the possessed item followed by the possessor, for example: the girl’s bag حقيبةُ البنتِ . the possessor (second noun) is called the modaf ilaih ( مضاف إليه ) and contains a kasra on the last letter when it is singular, i.e. (that is), it is in the majroor case. The possessed item (first noun) is called the modaf ( مضاف ). The modaf contains the letter appropriate for its position in the sentence.


The modaf ilaih (possessor, second noun):

The modaf ilaih is in the majroor مجرور case. Therefore, the modaf ilaih contains a kasra on the last letter when it is singular. For example, كتاب الرَجُل ِ the man’s book. The modaf ilaih in this phrase is rajol and it contains a kasra on the last letter.

The same is the case if the modaf ilaih is a feminine plural or irregular plural. For example: the girls’ bags حقائب البناتِ , the students’ bags حقائب الطلابِ . The modaf ilaih in these sentences are al-banati (feminine plural) and at-tulaabi (irregular plural).

However, if the modaf ilaih is the dual noun, it contains a ya + nun (ين) instead of the normal alif + nun (ان). For example: سيارات المدرسَينِ - سيارات المدرستَينِ

And when the modaf ilaih is a masculine plural noun, it also contains a ya + nun (ين) instead of the waw + nun ( ون ). (For example: سيارات المدرسِينَ ) The difference between the dual and plural is that the vowel on the letter preceding the yah in the dual is a fathha and in the plural it is a kasra. (that is, in the dual noun, the ending has an “ain” sound (for example, modarisain) while in the plural, the ending has an “een” sound (for example, modariseen).)


The modaf (the first noun in the possessive phrase, which denotes the possessed item):

The modaf (possessed item) always contains the vowel / word ending appropriate for its position in the sentence. So the modaf may be marfoo, mansoob, or majroor depending on its position in the sentence. On the other hand, the modaf ilaih (possessor) is always in the majroor case.


Note the difference in the ending of the modaf in the following examples:

حقائبُ الطلاب ِ على الطاولةِ (The student’s bags (bags of the students) are on the table.) The modaf (the possessed item) is the subject (مبتدأ) of the sentence and so contains the damma which is the vowel ending appropriate for its position in the sentence. That is, it is marfoo. The modaf ilaih (possessor/ owner) has a kasra on the last letter.

هذه حقائبُ الطلابِ (These are the student’s bags) the modaf is the predicate (خبر) of the sentence and so is marfoo (contains a damma when it is singular). The modaf ilaih contains a kasra, that is it is majroor.

رأيتُ سَيارَةَ المُدَرِّسَةِ (The teacher’s car.) the modaf (سيارةَ ) is the direct object and so is in the mansoob case (contains a fathha on the last letter when singular). The modaf ilaih contains a kasra on the last letter and is in the majroor case as always.

نَظَرْت إلى أوراقِ الإمتِحانِ (I looked at the exam papers.) The modaf (أوراقِ) follows a preposition (إلى) and so contains a kasra on the last letter. The modaf ilaih is in the majroor case and contains a kasra on the last letter.


Note: if the modaf is a dual or regular plural masculine noun (that is, ends in ان , ون , or ين ) the nun (ن) from the end is omitted when it is followed by the modaf ilaih. Likewise, if the modaf (possessed item) is an improper noun, its normal tanwin is removed, leaving only the single vowel.)

Practice tip: learn to use possession correctly in your sentences.

[Muhaba]

Revision - Grammar rules for nouns in different sentence position:

In the subject position, the noun contains a damma on the last letter if it is singular, irregular, or feminine plural. If the noun is masculine plural, then it ends in a ون in the marfoo case. If it is a dual noun, then it ends in ان in the marfoo case. This is known as the marfoo مرفوع case.

Some examples of nouns in the marfoo case:
Student – taalib طالِبٌ
Students – tulaab (irregular noun) - طلابٌ
Male Professional - مُهَندسٌ
Male professionals - مهندسون
Female professional – مهندسة ٌ
Female professionals – مهندساتٌ

Note: as you can see, most of the above nouns end in a damma tanwin ٌ . However, sometimes a noun ends in just a dammaُ . The reason for the difference, in most cases, is whether the noun is a proper noun or not. If a noun is improper, it ends in tanwin. If it is proper, it ends in just one vowel, the damma in the marfoo case. For example, طلابٌ –الطلابُ

The noun in the object case:
If the noun is in the object position, then it’s ending changes. It ends in a fathha if it is a singular or irregular noun. If it is a plural feminine noun, then it ends in a kasra. And if it is a dual noun, then it ends in a ين with a fathha on the ya. And if it is a masculine regular plural noun, then it ends in a ين with a kasra under the ya. This is known as the mansoob منصوب case.
Student – taalib طالِبً
Students – tulaab (irregular noun) - طلابً
Male Professional - مُهَندسً
Male professionals - مهندسين
Female professional – مهندسة ً
Female professionals – مهندسات ِ

If the noun follows a preposition, it is in the majroorمجرور case. In this case, it ends in a kasra if it is a singular or irregular noun or if it is a feminine plural noun. If it is a dual noun, then it ends in a ين with a fathha on the ya. And if it is a plural regular masculine noun, then it ends in ين with a kasra on the ya.
Student – taalib طالِب ٍ
Students – tulaab (irregular noun) – طلاب ٍ
Male Professional – مُهَندس ٍ
Male professionals - مهندسِين
Female professional – مهندسة ٍ
Female professionals – مهندسات ِ

Note: a noun is in a majroor case when it follows a preposition or when it is the modaf ilaih (owner of possessed item).

Practice tip: make plural of nouns in the different cases. Use the nouns correctly in sentences.

[Riana17]

no i won't be doing that. i used to and there's a thread on this site someplace with word for word translation of some verses that i posted but i'm not doing that anymore. i read someplace that word for word translation isn't good. i think it's better to read translation verse for verse and even to read some commentary. along with that, you can learn arabic grammar and vocabulary. there are some Qurans that have the meaning of individual difficult words on the margin. you can get one of those if they are available in your language.

Salam thank you very much, its okay, I was just wondering where i can get the translation of word for word of Quran
I mean for example Al Fatiha

I know the meaning of it, starting in the Name of Allah, then thanking Allah, then remembering that Allah is Most Gracious and Most Merciful and so on, it keeps the kushoo infact

salam

[hanoville3]

Alsalamu alikum warahmatu Allah wa barakatoh

i hope if i can share you,

plate = صَحْن

and also = طَبَق

is it right ?

Thanks a lot

[hanoville3]

Salam thank you very much, its okay, I was just wondering where i can get the translation of word for word of Quran
I mean for example Al Fatiha

I know the meaning of it, starting in the Name of Allah, then thanking Allah, then remembering that Allah is Most Gracious and Most Merciful and so on, it keeps the kushoo infact

salam

Al-salamu alikum

I hope this link can help

.allahsquran.com/learn/

but add ( www ) before the link

[Muhaba]

Salam thank you very much, its okay, I was just wondering where i can get the translation of word for word of Quran
I mean for example Al Fatiha

I know the meaning of it, starting in the Name of Allah, then thanking Allah, then remembering that Allah is Most Gracious and Most Merciful and so on, it keeps the kushoo infact

salam

i am unsure of any sites that provide it. but you can search on ib and you may find the one i had written.

[Muhaba]

Supplement: Introduction to some Special Words

Special words 1. ( إنَّ و أخواتها ) inna and words similar to it (that is, words that have the same ruling.)
Certainly - إنَّ
I wish - ليتَ
Maybe - لعَلَّ

Special words 2. ( كانَ و أخواتها ) kaana and words similar to it.
Not - ليْسَ
Was - كانَ

The above words (and others of its type) are used with الجملة الإسمية .

الدرسُ سهلٌ The lesson is easy.
إنَّ الدرسَ سهلٌ Certainly the lesson is easy.
ليتَ الدرسَ سهلٌ I wish that the lesson were easy.
لعلَ الدرسَ سهلٌ Maybe the lesson is easy.

ليسَ الدرسُ سهلا ً The lesson is not easy.
كان الدرسُ سهلا ً The lesson was easy.

Note: As you can see from the above examples, the subject and the predicate (خبر) in the جملة الإسمية normally contain a ُ or ٌ. This is known as رفع , so the subject is marfoo’ مرفوع .
However, including one of the above special words in the nominal sentence changes the vowels on the subject and predicate. The first set of words ( إنَّ , ليتَ , لعلَ ) change the subject’s vowel to a fathha ( َ ), known as نصب (making the subject mansoob منصوب .) So إنَّ و أخواتها (inna and words similar to it) makes the subject mansoob and the predicate marfoo.

The second set of words ( كان , ليس ) makes the predicate ( خبر ) mansoob so the predicate has a fathha vowel ( َ or ً ) on it instead of the normal damma vowels ( ُ or ٌ ) while the subject remains as it is normally (with the damma vowel ُ ) in the جملة الإسمية . That is, كانَ و أخواتها makes the subject marfoo and the predicate mansoob.

If you memorize the above examples, it will make using such words in sentences easier.
Additionally, memorizing the following will help remind you the rules of إنَّ و أخواتها and كانَ و أخواتها: ism inna mansoob, khabr inna marfoo. اسم إنَّ منصوب , خبر إنّ مرفوع . which means that the subject of Inna is mansoob and the predicate is marfoo. This is the rule for inna wa akhawaatiha. The rule for kaana wa akhawaatiha is the opposite of that of إنَّ و أخواتها . that is, the ending vowel of the subject and predicate of كانَ و أخواتها is the opposite of that of إنَّ و أخواتها .
Some more examples:
الوردَةُ جميلة ٌ the rose is beautiful.
إنَّ الوردةَ جميلة ٌ certainly the rose is beautiful.
لعلَ الوردة َ جميلة ٌ maybe the rose is beautiful.
ليت الوردة َ جميلة ٌ i wish that that rose were beautiful.

كان الوردة ُ جميلة ً the rose was beautiful.
ليسَ الوردةُ جميلة ً the rose is not beautiful.
As you can see from these examples, the two set of words have an opposite effect on the parts of the sentence. One makes the first part mansoob and the second part marfoo , while the other makes first part marfoo and the second part mansoob .

Some more sentences using these words:
The two boys are hungry. الولدان جائعان (the sentence has the normal word ending, both the subject and predicate are marfoo.)

The two boys are certainly hungry. إنّ الولدَين حائعان ِ (the subject’s ending changed from alif + nun to ya + nun (that is, it became mansoob) while the predicate continues to have the alif+ nun (marfoo case))

Maybe the two boys are hungry. لعل الولدين جائعان(the subject became mansoob while the predicate remains marfoo)

The two boys were hungry. كان الولدان ِ جائعين (the subject remains marfoo while the predicate became mansoob (changed to ya + nun from the normal alif+nun))
The two boys were not hungry. ليس الولدان جائعين (note the ending of the subject and predicate, whether they are marfoo or mansoob)

Practice tip: use the above words in sentences of your own. (Refer to the lessons about marfoo, mansoob, and majroor word endings to help you use the proper word ending)

Exercise: use the special words with the following sentences changing the subject and predicate as needed:
الطكسُ معتدلٌ the weather is moderate
الكتبُ مفيدةٌ
المدرسون

[Muhaba]

Week 18 – Past Negative

لم is for past negative. However it is used with the present tense verb.
لمْ أدرسْ. I didn’t study.
لم أذهبْ. I didn’t go.
لم أنامْ. I didn’t sleep.

The verb afterلم ends in the same way as the imperative verb, that is, in sukun or without the ending ن . (this is known as the majzoom case. That is, the verb after لمْ is majzoom مجزوم .) (When the verb is singular, it contains a sukun on the last letter in the majzum case. When the verb is plural, the ending nun is omitted (in most cases).)

لم يذهبوا They didn’t go. (the verb after لم is majzum, so the ending nunis omitted from the end of the verb here.)

لم يذهبنَ They (feminine) didn’t go. – (In this sentence the sukun is on the last letter of the verb, the ب and the ن at the end is the feminine plural pronoun. However, this is its normal form and the feminine plural’s form doesn’t change because of the word that precedes it. That is, the feminine plural verb is mabny (unchanging): it always remains in the same form and doesn’t change with of the word preceding it.)

To make a past tense sentence, just place لم before the present tense verb and change the ending of the verb to make it majzoom. Note that although the verb is in the present tense, the sentence is in the past tense because لم makes the sentence past tense. (This is similar to English past tense sentences which have the present tense verb with a helping verb + negative. )

Some examples:

I studied. دَرسْتُ (the verb here is in the past tense.)

I didn’t study. لمْ أدْرُسْ (the verb here is in the present tense)

They ate. هم أكَلوا (the verb here is in the past tense)

They didn’t eat. هم لم يَأكلوا (the verb here is in the present tense.)



Like , لم ما is also for past negative. However, ما is used with the past tense verb.

ما درستُ I didn’t study.

ما درسَ He didn’t study.

ما أكلَ الولد الإشاء The boy didn’t eat dinner.


So you can say the same negative sentence using either ما + past tense verb or لم + present tense verb:
I studied. دَرسْتُ
I didn’t study. لمْ أدْرُسْ
I didn’t study. ما دَرَسْتُ
They ate. هم أكَلوا
They didn’t eat. هم لم يَأكلوا
They didn’t eat. هم ما أكلوا

(as you can see from the above examples, the plural verbs seem to end in the same way . أكلوا – لم يأكلوا . However, the difference is that the first verb is in the past tense and its ending is its normal ending while the other verb is in the present tense and it is majzum with لم . Normally, the present tense plural verb ends in a nun. )
Practice tip: make past negative sentences.

Some sentence analysis:
دَرَسْتُ – دَرَسْ past tense verb mabnyمبني with sukun (the past tense verb is always mabny, that is it doesn’t change because of the word’s position in the sentence or because of the word that precedes it). In this verbدرسْتُ , the past tense verb ends with a sukun because it is conjugated (connected-اتصل ) with the first person pronoun. فعل ماض مبني على السكون لإتصاله بتاء (ت) الفاعل المتحركة
تُ – first person subject pronoun mabny with damma. ضمير متصل مبني الضم في محل رفع فاعل.

لمْ أدرُسْ
لم – negation word that makes the present tense verb majzoom. It is called harf qalb because it changes the present tense into past tense. و قلب حرف نفي و جرم
أدرسْ – present tense verb majzoom with لمْ and the subject of the sentence is the hidden first person subject pronoun. فعل مضارع مجزوم بلم و علامة جزمه السكون الظاهر على آخره , و الفاعل : ضمير مستتر وجوباً تقديره : أنا

ما درسْتُ
ما negation word. حرف نفي
دَرَسْتُ – دَرَسْ past tense verb mabnyمبني with sukun (the past tense verb is always mabny, that is it doesn’t change because of the word’s position in the sentence or because of the word that precedes it). In this verbدرسْتُ , the past tense verb ends with a sukun because it is conjugated (connected-اتصل ) with the first person pronoun. فعل ماض مبني على السكون لإتصاله بتاء (ت) الفاعل المتحركة
تُ – first person subject pronoun mabny with damma. ضمير متصل مبني الضم في محل رفع فاعل.

[Muhaba]

Afaal al khamsa

Afaal al khamsa (أفعال الخمسة) are 5 verb conjugations that have special rules.

The afaal al-khamsa include second person and third person masculine plural verbs, second person and third person dual verbs, and second person feminine verbs: that is, verbs that end in : ان, ون, and the second person feminine verb that ends in ين :

Examples of أفعال الخمسة:

You (plural) go:تذهبون

They plural go:يذهبون

You (dual) go: تذهبان ِ

They (dual) go:يذهبان

You (feminine singular) go:تذهبينَ


As you already learned, verbs are normally in the marfoo case. That is, they have a damma on the last letter if the verb is singular. However, some words make the verbs mansoob (change the singular verb’s damma to a fathha) or majzum (change the singular verb’s damma to a sukun).


Note: remember, this lesson is about VERBS and not nouns. It’s easy to get confused when studying the different cases of verbs and nouns as both have marfoo and mansoob cases.

Most present tense singular verbs (like singular nouns) have a damma on the last letter when they are marfoo and a fathha on the last letter when they are mansoob. However, the ending of dual and plural verbs are not the same as the ending of dual and plural nouns. So its important to remember what you are studying about so as not to get confused.


If a verb is one of the afaal al khamsa, then it has a nun at the end in the marfoo case. And in the mansoob and majzum cases, the nun is omitted.

A verb is in the mansoob case when it is preceded by one of huroof an nasb. The huroof an nasb are: أنْ , لنْ , إذن, كي \ لكي , ل ِ , حتى
So the above verbs in the mansoob case:

You (plural) go:تذهبوا

They plural go:يذهبوا

You (dual) go: تذهبا

They (dual) go:يذهبا

You (feminine singular) go:تذهبي


A verb is in the majzum case when it is preceded by huroof al-jazm. Some of these huroof are: لمْ , إنْ (و حروف شرطية أخرى) (that is, other conditional words)
The afaal al khamsa in the majzum case:
You (plural) go:تذهبوا
They plural go:يذهبوا
You (dual) go: تذهبا
They (dual) go:يذهبا
You (feminine singular) go:تذهبي

As you can see, the verb ending is the same in the mansoob and majzoom cases.

So if the afaal al-khamsa contains a nun at the end, then it is marfoo. And if it doesn’t then it is either mansoob or majzum, depending on the word preceding it, whether it is huroof nasb or huruf jazm.

Revision of huroof nasb:
These are words that make the present tense verb mansoob: the huroof nasb are: أن , لن , ل ِ , إذن , كَيْ , حَتى

Huroof al-jazm are:
لمْ
إنْ
Other huroof shart jazimحروف شرط جازم (conditional words)
Example of a conditional sentence:
إنْ تدرسْ تنجحْ if you study you will succeed. As you can see from this sentence, the harf shart jazim makes two words majzum, the first verb and the second verb.

Some sentences containing the afaal al khamsa in the marfoo, mansoob, and mazjoom cases:
They are going to the park. هم يذهبون إلى الحديقة
They will not go to the park.لن يذهبوا إلى الحديقة
They did not go to the park.لم يذهبوا إلى الحديقة
If you study you will succeed. إنْ تدرسي تنجحي (the two second person feminine verbs are majzoom, the ending nun is omitted.)
The two boys are studying. الولدان يدرسان
The two boys will not study. الولدان لن يدرسا (the verb is in the mansoob case)
The two boys did not study. الولدان لم يدرسا (the verb is in the majzoom case)

Practice tip: make sentences using verbs with and without the huroof nasb and huroof jazm.

[Muhaba]

Supplement: Hamza

In Arabic, when the alif is pronounced (that is, when it has a vowel or sukun on it), it has a hamza on it (or under it, incase of a kasra). However, sometimes this isn’t the case. Additionally sometimes the hamza is on a ya without dots, known as a nabira (for example: ئ ) and sometimes it is on a و , for example: ؤ.

The alif with a hamza is known as همزة القطة hamzatul qata . while a pronounced alif (not an elongated alif) without a hamza is called همزة الوصل .

Generally, the elongated alif is called an alif (this is the alif which makes the previous letter’s vowel longer) while the pronounced alif is called a hamza. It is an alif with a sound of its own.

An example of an (elongated) alif: the alif at the end of دُنيا (dunya – world) or دعا (prayer). This alif makes the previous letter’s vowel sound longer but it doesn’t have a sound of its own.

An example of a hamza: the hamza at the end of بدَأ . this alif (hamza) has a sound of its own. It doesn’t affect the previous letter’s vowel.

The hamza (pronounced alif) may be on an alif أ – إ or on a wow ؤ or a yaئ . no matter which letter the hamza is on, the sound of the letter is always of alif. For example, ؤ has the sound of alif and not a wow.


Guidelines to placing a hamza on an alif, a wow, or a ya.

Vowel strengths are from strongest to weakest as follows: the kasra (being the strongest), then the damma, then the fathha, then the sukun (being the weakest).

To know which letter to place the hamza on, see whether the hamza is in the middle of the word or at the end. So if the vowel on the hamza is a kasra (the strongest vowel) while the vowel preceding it is a damma or fathha or sukun, place the vowel on a nabira (ئ).

If the vowel on the hamza is a sukun or fathha while on the letter preceding it is a damma, place the hamza on a و . If one of the vowels is a fathha while the other is a sukun, the hamza is placed on an alif.

In general, place the hamza on the letter appropriate for the stronger vowel.

Learning these guidelines will also help you read words containing a hamza if there are no vowels on the letters. You will know how to pronounce a word by looking at the letter that the hamza is on.



Checklist of rules for the Hamza in the Middle of the Word:

If the hamza is in the middle of the word, look at the vowel on it and the vowel on the letter preceding it. Then use the letter (alif, wow, or ya) appropriate for the stronger of the two vowels.

If one of the two vowels is a kasra, place the hamza on a ya (nabira) ئ.

If one of the two vowels is a damma and the other is either a fathha or a sukun, place the hamza on a wowؤ .

If one of the two vowels is a fathha and the other is a sukun, place the hamza on an alifإ – أ .



Here are some words containing the hamza in the middle of the word.

أؤمن ُ – I believe- the letter preceding the hamza has a damma while the hamza (second hamza) has a sukun on it. since the damma is stronger than the sukun, the hamza is placed on a wow. (note these rules are only for the hamza that comes in the middle or end of the word, not for the hamza at the beginning of the word. The hamza at the beginning of the word is always on an alif, as in this word.

مُؤمنون - believers - here the case is the same as in the above word. The hamza has a sukun while the letter preceding it has a damma. Since the damma is stronger than the sukun, the hamza is placed on a wow.

سَألَ - asked - here both the hamza and the letter before it contain a fathha. Therefore, the hamza is on an alif.

سُئلَ – was asked - this word is the same as the previous word except that it is used in the passive sentenceجملة مبني للمجهول. (the form of the verb in the passive sentence is different from the form used in the active sentence – and you thought that the language couldn’t get more complicated! ) however, the rules for changes within the word (know as sarf صرف ) are the same. Here the vowel on the hamza is a kasra and the vowel on the letter preceding it is a damma. Since the kasra is stronger than the damma, the hamza is placed on a ئ.

(An example of a sentence using this verb. سُئلَ الرجلُ السُؤالَ – The man was asked a question.) as you can see, by knowing the rules of the hamza help you know how to pronounce the word.)

سُؤال - question - here the hamza contains a fathha but the letter before it contain a damma, so the hamza is placed on a wow which is the letter appropriate for the stronger vowel.

يَسْألُ – to ask - this is the present tense of the verb سأل . in يسْألُ the hamza contains a fathha and the letter preceding it contains a sukun. Since the fathha is stronger than the sukun, the hamza is placed on an alif.

Note: these rules are for all words and not just verbs.

[Muhaba]

July 23, 2011
Vocabulary (Present Tense Verbs) 2


Findيَجدُ

Find out (discover) يَكشِف

Flyيَطيرُ

Forbidيَنهى

Forgetيَنسى

Getيَحْصِل – يَسْتلِم

Giveيُعْطِي – يُقدِّم

Goيَذهَبُ

Growيَنمو

Haveيَمْلِك

Hearيَسْمَعُ

Hideيخفِي

Hitيَضرِب

Holdيَمْسِك

Hurtيُؤذِي

Keepيَحْفِظ

Knowيَعْلم – يَعْرِف

Layيَسْتلْقي

Leadيَقود

Learnيتعَلم

Leaveيَترُك

(List of English verbs taken from irregular verb list, Business Vocabulary in Use for beginners)

Practice tip: conjugate the verbs with pronouns and use them in sentences.
Write the conjugated verb forms for the following pronouns:

أنا I
أنتَ you
أنتِ you
أنتما you dual
أنتم you plural
أنتنّ you plural fem
هو he
هي she
هما they dual masc
هما they dual fem
هم they plural
هنّ they plural fem


For example, some conjugated forms for the verbيَجدُ are:
أجدُ – أنا
نجدُ - نحن
تجدُ – أنت
تجدين – أنتِ
تجدان - أنتما
تجدان – انتما
تجدون – أنتم
تجدْن َ – أنتنّ

يجدُ – هو
تجد – هي
يجدان - هما
تجدان – هما
يجدون – هم
يجدْن َ – هنّ

Note: memorizing one verb for all conjugations with pronouns will help you in conjugating most verbs later.

[Muhaba]

Supplement: Ending Hamza الهمزة المتطرفة



As you learned before, the hamza may come on an alif, a wow, or a ya, depending on the vowel on it and or on the letter preceding it. The hamza on alif: أ – إ , the hamza on a wow: ؤ and the hamza on a ya (nabira): ئ . Note: Whichever letter the hamza is on, the sound is always of an alif and not of the letter the hamza is on.

The hamza at the end of the word

To know which letter to place the hamza on when the hamza is at the end of a word, look only at the vowel on the letter preceding the hamza and place the hamza on the letter appropriate for that vowel. So if the letter preceding the ending hamza has a kasra on it (no matter what vowel the ending hamza contains), the hamza is placed on a nabira ئ . If the letter preceding the ending hamza has a damma on it, the hamza is placed on a و . And if the letter preceding it has a fathha on it the hamza is placed on an alif.

Examples of words containing the ending hamza.

بدَأ - started – the letter preceding the ending hamza has a fathha so the hamza is placed on an alif.

يَبْدَأ – he starts – here even though the ending hamza has a damma, since the letter preceding the ending hamza has a fathha on it so the hamza is placed on an alif and not a wow.

شاطِئ –شاطئ البحر beach - here the letter preceding the ending hamza contains a kasra so the ending hamza is placed on a nabira.

لؤْلؤ - here the letter preceding the hamza contains a damma so the ending hamza is on a wow.




Here are the rules for which letter to place the hamza on when the hamza is at the end of the word (translation of rules taken from Shaikh Ahmad Kaftaro Institute grammar book 3):
Look at the vowel on the letter preceding the hamza. Then select the letter appropriate for this vowel.
If the vowel preceding the hamza is a kasra, place the ending hamza on a nabira ( ئ ).
If the vowel preceding the hamza is a damma, place the hamza on a waw ( و ), that is ؤ .
If the vowel preceding the hamza is a fathha, place the hamza on an alif ( أ ).
If the vowel preceding the hamza is a sukun ( ْ ), place the hamza on the line. That is, write simply, ء .
Memorize the above rules to help you remember where to place the ending hamza.


Note: if the verb is conjugated with a pronoun (so that the ending hamza comes in the middle of the word instead of the end , the rules to be used are those for the hamza in the middle of the word and not the rules for the ending hamza. For example, when the verb بدأ is conjugated with the plural pronoun: يبدؤون – here the hamza is now in the middle of the word because the verb is conjugated with a plural pronoun ون so the rules used are those for the middle hamza and not the ending hamza.

[Pure Purple]

They (masculine plural)هم
They (feminine plural)هنّ

Sorry I am Interrupting in between. I am very behind in this course..
Doubt..
masculine plural=huma
feminine plural=hunna
What about combined plural for both masculine and feminine

[Muhaba]

masculine plural is hum هم
feminine plural is hunna هُنَّ
you use masculine plural هُم for combination of male and female.

[Muhaba]

Week 19 - Future Negative

This Week’s Vocabulary
يأكل - to eat
آكل - I eat - (originally أأكل with a sukun on the second hamza, but the two hamzas combined to make آ )
طائرة - plane
يطير – to fly
ينسى - to forget
يتذكر – to remember
وظيفة – duty , homework

Future Negative
لن is used with the present tense verb but makes the sentence future negative. That is, it is a negation word. It is also one of the huroof nasb which make the present tense verb mansoob. لن is used with the present tense verb and not with past tense verb.
لن أدرسَ. I will not study.
لن أذهبَ. I will not go.
لن آكلَ. I will not eat.

To make a sentence future negative, just place لن before the present tense verb. There is no need to use the future tense letter or word س or سوف .
Note: Being is one of the حروف النصب , it makes the present tense verb mansoob. As you may recall, most present tense verbs are normally marfoo. With لن they become mansoob.
Examples:
أذهبُ – I am going. (the verb ends in a damma, that is it is marfoo)
لنْ أذهَبَ – I will not go. The verb ends in a fathha, that is it is mansoob.

يُطِيرُ الطائرةُ - the plane is flying. The verb ends in a damma (it is marfoo). Also note the hamza on the nabira in الطائرة this is because the hamza contains a kasra so the nabira - ئ- which is appropriate for a kasra is used.

لن يطيرَ الطائرةُ – the plane will not fly. Note that the word لن makes the verb after it mansoob but has no effect on the noun. The noun remains as it is.

لن أنساك - I will not forget you.

لن يتذكر وظيفته - he will not remember his duty (or homework).

Revision of the mansoob case (of the present tense verb): the verb after لن is in the mansoob case. In the mansoob case, the present tense verb ends with a fathha when it is singular (instead of the normal damma). If the present tense verb is plural, its ending ن is omitted in the mansoob case. If it is feminine plural, it’s ending doesn’t change as the feminine plural present tense verb is مبْتي , that is, its form doesn’t change.

Some more examples:
هم سيذهبون – the plural future tense verb ends in a ن in the marfoo case. (the و makes the verb plural.)
هم لن يذهبوا – the present tense verb is in the mansoob case so the ending ن is omitted. The alif is added to differentiate the mansoob verb from verbs whose normal ending is و .
Note that in the above example, the future tense letter س was removed from the verb when used with لن. This is because لن by itself makes the sentence in the future tense so the future tense verb isn’t needed.

Practice tip: make future negative sentences.

[Muhaba]

Correction to Vocabulary Present Tense verbs 1:

Break - يَكْسِرُ

Thanks to Sister Insaana for pointing it out.

[Muhaba]

Supplement: More words referring to time:


Day – يَوْم
Yesterday - أمس
Today – اليوم
Tomorrow - غَداً

Week – أُسْبوع
Last week – أسبوع السابِقة – أسبوع الماضي
Next week - أسبوع القادِم

Month - شَهر
Last month - شهر الماضي
Next month - شهر القادم

Year - عام- سَنَة
Last year - سنة الماضي – عام الماضي
Next Year – سنة القادم

[Muhaba]

Week 20 - Negative word used with nouns, in الجملة الإسمية

ليسَ also makes the sentence negative. The difference is that ليسَ is used with a noun in the جملة الاسمية (nominal sentence) while the previous four negative words ( لن , لم , ما , لا ) are normally used with verbs. That is, ليس makes the جملة اسمية negative.

Revision of الجملة الاسمية (The nominal sentence): the nominal sentence is the sentence that starts with a noun. As you may recall, in Arabic the sentence may start with a noun/pronoun or with a verb. The sentence that starts with a noun/pronoun is called جملة اسمية . The sentence that starts with a verb is called جملة فعلية . The جملة اسمية contains a مبتدأ (subject) and a خبر that tells you more about the subject. The negative word ليس is used with the جملة اسمية. It makes the جملة اسمية negative.

To use ليس just place this word before the subject noun (مبتدأ) in the جملة اسمية . That is, place ليس at the beginning of the sentence.
Example:
The lesson is difficult. الدرسُ صعب ٌ
The lesson is not difficult. ليسَ الدرسُ صعباً.

ليس can also be placed after the noun.
المُدَرسُ ليس هنا The teacher is not here.
المُدَرسَة ُ ليستْ موجودة ً The (female) teacher is not present.

Note that the ending of the noun in the خبر khabr position used with ليس is different from its normal form. This is because ليس is one of the words that change the normal subject and predicate noun ending. ليس makes the predicate noun (خبر) mansoob while the subject used with laisa is marfoo (as normal). (Other words that do this are كان and its sister words كان و أخواتها). See supplement lesson 17 (Special words).
So in the sentence containing laisa, the subject (known as اسم ليس ) is marfoo and the خبر (known as خبر ليس ) is mansoob.
The khabr of laisa is mansoob whenever it is a noun or adjective. However, if it is a preposition or a verb, then it is not mansoob. That is, it’s form doesn’t change. It remains in its normal form but it is in the nasb position محل نصب .

ليسَ changes form (masculine, feminine, singular, plural) depending on the noun it is used with. It can also be conjugated with subject pronouns.
ليسَ Masculine singular
ليسَتْ Feminine singular

Example of Laisa ليس conjugated with subject pronouns:
لَسْتُ Conjugated with the subject pronoun “I”
لسْنا Conjugated with the subject pronoun “we”
لَسْتَ Conjugated with the subject pronoun “you”
لَسْت ِ Conjugated with the subject pronoun “you” (feminine)

لستُ متعبة ً. I am not tired.
لستُ موافقة ً I do not agree.
لسنا فيْ البيتِ We are not at home.

Practice tip: make negative sentences using ليسَ and its conjugation.
Revision of nouns in the marfoo and mansoob cases:
A noun is normally marfoo. If singular it ends in a damma in the marfoo case. If dual, it ends in a ان . If masculine plural it ends in a ون . If feminine plural or irregular plural it ends in a damma.
With laisa and other words like it (words whose grammatical effect is that of كان) the khabr becomes mansoob.
A noun in the mansoob case ends in a fathha on the last letter if it is singular or irregular. If dual, it ends in a يَن ِ . If masculine plural it ends in a ينَ with a kasra beneath the ya. If feminine plural it ends in a kasra.
ليسَ ‘s grammatical effect is as follows:
ليس is entered upon the جملة اسمية and makes the sentence negative.
The مبتدأ of the جملة اسمية is known as اسم ليس when ليس is entered upon the جملة اسمية and is in the marfoo case.
The خبر of the جملة اسمية becomes mansoob with ليسَ and is known as خبر ليس .

Some Sentence Analysis:
ليسَ الدرسُ صعباً. – the lesson is not difficult.
ليسَ – فعل ماض ناقص على فتح , ترفع الاسم و تنصبُ الخبر – past tense imperfect verb mabny with a fathha. It makes the ism marfoo and the khabr mansoob.
الدرسُ – اسم ليس مرفوع و علامة رفعه الضمة الظاهرة على آخره – ism laisa marfoo and the sign of raf’ is the damma visible at the end.
صعبا ً – خبر ليس منصوب و علامة النصب الفتحة الظاهة على آخره – khabr laisa mansoob and the sign of nasb is the fathha visible at the end.

لسنا فيْ البيتِ We are not at home.
لَسْنا –ْ لس – فعل ماض ناقص على السكون لاتصاله ب نا الفاعلين , ترفع الاسم و تنصبُ الخبر – past tense imperfect verb mabny with a sukun as it is conjugated with the plural subject pronoun نا. It makes the ism marfoo and the khabr mansoob.
نا – ضمير متصل مبني على السكون في محل رفع اسم ليس – conjugated pronoun mabny with sukun (structured to contain a sukun on the last letter) in the ism laisa raf’ position.
في - حرف جر – preposition
البيت ِ – اسم مجرور و علامة جره الكسرة – ism majroor and it’s sign of jar is the kasra visible at the end.
و الجار و المجرور متعلقان بخبر ليس محذوف تقديره "موجودين" – and the preposition and its ism are related to the omitted khabr of laisa whose implication is “present” . (That is, the sentence actually means “we are not present at home” but the word present is omitted.)

[Muhaba]

Supplement: More ليسَ conjugations.
Laisa (ليس) mean “not” and is used with nouns, in الجملة الإسمية . It makes the sentence negative.

Here is a list of laisa conjugations (ليس conjugated with subject pronouns.):
(أنا) لسْتُ – not i
(نحنُ) لسْنا - not we
(أنتَ) لسْتَ – not you
(أنت ِ) لسْت ِ – not you
(أنتما) لسْتُما – not you two
(أنتم) لسْتمْ - not you (many)
(أنتنَّ) لسْتنَّ – not you (many female)

(هو) ليسَ – not he
(هي) ليسَتْ – not she
(هما) ليسا – not they (two)

(همْ) ليْسُوا – not they
(هُنَّ) لسْنَ – not they (female)

Some sentences
ليس هو not him
هو ليسَ في البيتِ – he is not at home.
هو ليسَ موجودا ً – he is not present. Here the khabr is in the mansoob case, as can be seen from the tanwin fathha at the end of the word.
هيّ ليستْ موجودة ً – she is not present.
ليسوا موجودين – they are not present. (as you can see, in this sentence, the خبر is in the mansoob case. This is because laisa makes the khabr mansoob.)
لسنا جاهِزين – we are not ready.
هنّ لسْنَ موجودات – they (female) are not present.
Practice tip: make sentences using ليسَ conjugations.

[Muhaba]

Test 5 posted on the conversation thread.

[Muhaba]

Week 22 - كانَ (was)

كانَ Is attached to الجملة الإسمية (sentence starting with a noun). As with ليس , كان changes the normal ending of nouns: While the subject ( مبتدأ ) used with kaana remains مرفوع , the predicate خبر becomes منصوب because of كانَ. (The grammatical effect of كان on the مبتدأ and خبر is the same as the effect of ليس . However, كان puts the sentence into past tense while ليس makes it negative.)

Note: because كان is a verb, it makes the جملة اسمية into a verbal sentence (جملة فعلية).

The following are examples of sentences with كان .

The boy was in the house. كانَ الولدُ في البيتِ

The girl was in the house. كانتْ البنتُ في البيتِ

(In the above sentences, the خبر is a prepositional phrase therefore, كان doesn’t change the words’ ending. However the خبر is in the nasb position (محل نصب ).

I was late. كُنْتُ مُتَأخِرة

There was an accident on the way. كان حادثة في الطريق

The lesson was hard. كان الدرسُ صعباً

The girl wanted to study. كانتْ البنتُ تريدُ أن تدرس (here the khabr is a verb phrase. The verb is in the nasb position but كان has no effect on the verb’s ending. This is because كان only change’s the noun’s ending while putting other forms of words (prepositional phrases and verb phrases) into the محل نصب (nasb position).

As you can see in the above examples, the khabr of kaana changes only when it is a noun. But when it is a verb phrase or a prepositional phrase, then kaana has no apparent effect on it. however the predicate is said to be in the mansoob case (محل نصب) although it doesn’t visibly change. The same is the case with the other words that change the normal noun ending, like ليس and إنّ and their sister words. These words affect the مبتدأ and خبر when they are nouns but not when they are pronouns, verbs, prepositions, etc.)

كان Can be used with nouns as well as pronouns. When used with pronouns, كان is attached to the pronoun. Some examples of كان conjugated with pronouns:

I was - كُنْتُ

You were -كُنْتَ

You (feminine) were - كُنْتِ

They were – كانوا

They (feminine) were –كُنَّ

Note: كان by itself means he was. (he was in the house - هو كان في البيتِ )
When used to mean she was, a تْ is attached at the end. (she was in the house - هي كانَتْ في البيتِ )


To use كان just place it at the start of the جملة الاسمية , that is before the subject of the sentence.
كان الرجلُ طويلا ً the man was tall. (note that the subject (اسم كان) is marfoo while the predicate (خبر كان ) is mansoob.
كانتْ الوردةُ جميلة ً the rose was beautiful.

You can also place it after the subject noun, for example:
ً هو كان موجودا He was present
هي كانتْ موجودة ً She was present
هُمْ كانوا مُتأخِرين They were late. (note that the khabr of kaana is mansoob. Here, since the khabr is plural, it has a ya + nun in the nasb case.)


Practice Tip: make sentences using forms of كانَ .

Note: forms of كان can be used to show action that takes place in the present as well as future. The present tense of كان is يكون (fem. تكون) . to show action in the future, add س ( سيكون) (fem. ستكون ).

[Muhaba]

Supplement - كانَ Conjugations
كانَ was
I was - كُنْتُ
We were - كُنّا

You were - كُنْتَ
You were (feminine) - كنتِ

You were (dual) - كنتُما

You were (plural) - كنتُم
You were (feminine plural) - كنتنَّ

He was - كانَ
She was - كانَتْ

They were (dual) - كانا
They were (masculine) - كانوا
They were (feminine) - كُنّ

Some usage in sentences:
I was at the beach. كنتُ على شاطيء البحر
You were studying.كنْتَ تدرسُ

The boy was sick.كان الولدُ مريضاً
The two boys were energetic (or active). كانا الولدان نشيطين
They were energetic. هم كانوا نشيطين
The girls were energetic. كانَتْ البنات نشيطاتِ

As you can see from the above examples, the subject noun after كان has a damma at the end if it is singular or feminine plural (or ends in a ون if it is masculine plural). However with كان the ending of the second noun (the خبر ) changes from its normal vowel to a fathha if it is singular or a kasra if it is feminine plural or a ين if it is dual or masculine plural. This is known as نصب in Arabic. That is, with كان the is منصوب.

Note: when kaana is added to the jumla ismiah, the mubtada is called اسم كان (ism kaana) and the khabr is called خبر كان (khabr kaana). اسم كان is marfoo and خبر كان is mansoob. If the khabr of kaana is a verb or prepositional phrase, then it doesn’t change form but is in the nasb position (محل نصب ).

[Muhaba]

Week 22
Some connecting words
Below are some connecting words. Some of these are used to connect two nouns or verbs while others can be used to connect two sentences in order to make a compound sentence. Use them in your sentences to make more complex sentences.
لكن But
و And
ف So
ثما Then
أو or
أم or


كان الولدُ و أخته يلعبان في الحديفة The boy and his sister were playing in the garden.
كنْتُ مشغولة و لكن زرتك I was busy but I visited you. (note that the خبر is feminine. Men would omit the ending ة when using the word, saying instead: كنْتُ مشغولا ً و لكن زرتك )
كنت مشغولة فلم أزورك. I was busy so I didn’t visit you.
كنت مشغولة فما زرْتك I was busy so I didn’t visit you.
سأكونُ مشغولة فلا أزورك I will be busy so I won’t visit you.
سأزورك ثم أذهب إلى السوق I will visit you, then I will go shopping.
أزورك أم أذهب إلى السوق؟ Should I visit you or go shopping?
هل تزورينني أو تزورين مريم؟ Are you going to visit me or are you going to visit Maryam?

Practice tip: use the above connecting words in sentences of your own.

[Muhaba]

Ordinal numbers 1 - 10
First الأول
Secondالثاني
Thirdالثالث
Fourthالرابع
Fifthالخامس
Sixthالسادس
Seventhالسابع
Eighthالثامن
Ninthالتاسع
Tenthالآشر

[Muhaba]

Supplement – Words that don’t contain a hamza ء) ( on the alif.

There are 10 nouns that don’t contain a hamza on the alif these have to be memorized. When using them in the middle of the sentence, the beginning alif isn’t pronounced and the word is attached to the word before it.

These words are:
الله
Son - ابن
Daughter - ابنة
Name - اسم
Two - اثنان
Two (feminine) - اثنتان
ايم
اَيمن
اُمرؤ
امرأة
اُبنم

for example, when saying وَ الله ِ (wa Allahi) you say wallahi and not wa Allahi.

Apart from these words, there are verbs as well as their nouns that don’t contain the hamza on the alif. More about those words in a supplement on hamza al qatta ( همزة القطة ) and hamza al wasl ( الوصل همزة ).

[Muhaba]

Week 23
اسم الموصول – الذي , التي
الذي and التي are called ism al mawsool اسم الموصول .
These words can be used with animate as well as inanimate objects, that is humans, animals and things, so they mean both “who” and “that” (or “which”). They take both the masculine and feminine forms.
الذي is for masculine.
التي is for femanine.
Note: in Arabic, not just humans and animals but also objects take the gender. That is, even objects are either masculine or feminine, so it’s necessary to use the appropriate word for each. While you will have to learn whether a word is masculine or feminine, however there are rules that make it easier to learn this. For example, most words containing the feminine ة are feminine. Additionally, plurals of inanimate objects are all feminine, even if the singular is masculine.

هذا البيت الذي كلمتك عنه.
This is the house about which I spoke to you. Or, this is the house that I spoke to you about.

هذه السيارة التي أخبرتك عنها.
This is the car I informed you about. (Note that when the noun is feminine, all words that refer to it are feminine.)

هذا الأخبار الذي سمعته
This is the news that I heard. (note that the word after the ism al mawsool contains a pronoun referring to the subject. Here the pronoun is visible but it may be invisible as well, as in the following two sentences.)

هذه الطفلة التي ولدتْ يومين قبل.
This is the child who was born two days ago.

هذا الولد الذي أخذ كتابي.
This is the child who took my book.

وجدتُ الكتاب الذي فقدته I found the book that I had lost.

These words also take the plural forms:
الذينَ for masculine plural. (it is the plural of الذي )
الّوَاتي for feminine plural. (it is the plural of التي )
جاء المدرسون الذين يدرسون في الجامعة The teachers who teach at the university came.
قابلتُ المدرسات الواتي يدرّسْنَ في الجامعة I met the (female) teachers who teach at the university.

Practice tip: make sentences of your own using connecting words.

[Muhaba]

Vocabulary (Verbs) 3

Lend يُقْرِضُ

Let يترك

Lie (lie down)يضطجع

Lie (tell a lie)يكذب

Loseيفقد

Makeيصنع

Meanيعني

Meetيقابل

Payيدفع

Quitيتصرف

Readيقرأ

Rideيقود

Ringيرن

Riseيرتفع

Sayيقول

Seeيرى

Sellيبيع

Sendيرسل

Setيضع

Shakeيرج


Practice tip: conjugate the verbs with pronouns and use them in sentences.
Write the conjugated verb forms for the following pronouns:

أنا I
أنتَ you
أنتِ you
أنتما you dual
أنتم you plural
أنتنّ you plural fem
هو he
هي she
هما they dual masc
هما they dual fem
هم they plural
هنّ they plural fem

For example, some conjugated forms for the verb يقرض are:
أنا أقْرِضُ
أنتَ تقرض
أنتِ تقرضين
هو يقرض
هيّ تقرض
هم يقرضون
هنّ يقْرِضْنَ

[Muhaba]

Supplement – Numbers 11 to 19
11.أحد عشر – إحدى عشرة
12. اثنا عشر - اثنتا عشرة
13ثلاثة عشر -. ثلاث عشرة .
14. أربعة عشر - أربع عشرة
15. خمسة عشر - خمس عشرة
16. ستة عشر - ست عشرة
17. سبعة عشر - سبع عشرة
18. ثمانة أشر - ثمان أشرة
19. تسعة عشر - تسع عشرة

Grammar rules regarding numbers.
As you learned in the previous lesson on numbers, there are special grammar rules regarding using numbers in sentences. Learning these rules gradually one at a time and practicing using numbers correctly in your spoken and written Arabic will make it easier and less daunting.
Rules regarding the numbers 11 – 19:
1. The numbers eleven to nineteen are compound words (each is made of two words).
2. The numbers 11 to 19 precede the quantified noun. Also, the quantified noun (معدود) is in the mansoob case (ends a fathha when it is singular, and in ya+nun when masculine plural, and in a kasra when feminine plural .)
3. The numbers 11 – 19 (أحدَ عشرَ – تسعَة عشرَ), excluding the number twelve, always contain a fathha on the last letter of both words in the compound word. That is, they are mabny (مَبْني علي فتح). For example, .أحدَ عشرَ
4. The number twelve (اثنا عشر – اثنتا عشر) has the form similar to the dual noun, depending on its position in the subject (whether it is marfoo, mansoob, or majroor). That is, it ends in an alif in the subject position (اثنا - اثنتا) and in a ya (اثني - اثنتي) in the object position or when it follows a preposition. (note that the ending nun ن from the word is omitted. This is because the word is modaf. (if a word ends in ن , the nun is omitted if the word is modaf.
5. In the numbers 11 and 12, both parts of the compound number word agree with the gender of the معدود ma’dood (quantified noun). On the other hand, in numbers 13 – 19, the second part of the compound word agrees with the ma’dood in gender but the first part does not. (That is, in numbers 13 to 19, the word for “ten” (عشرة - عشر) agrees with the gender of the quantified noun ( معدود ) but the other part of the number word doesn’t. That is, the first word in the number word has the gender opposite the معدود.

For example:
ثلاثَ عشْرَةَ طالبَة ً and ثلاثةَ عشَرَ طالباً
As you can see in the above example, طالب is masculine while ثلاثة is feminine. طالبة is feminine while ثلاث is masculine. Additionally, the معدود (quantified noun) is singular and in the mansoob case (مفرد منصوب ).
Special Thanks to Sister Yanoora of Islamicboard for her help on this lesson.
Note: the rules for numbers in Arabic are pretty complicated and requires constant practice. In order to learn them, I suggest getting a list containing numbers at least from 1 to 100 along with masculine and feminine nouns and then reading them often to get used to the correct usage.
Practice tip: practice using numbers in your sentences.

[Muhaba]

The six special nouns أسماء الستة

The six special nouns are nouns whose ending do not change in the same way as the normal nouns. These nouns end in a و in the marfoo case, and in an alif in the mansoob case and in a ya in the majroor case.

The six nouns are: هن , ذو , فو,حمو , أخ , أب



Noun....Defination………….............majroor case….....Mansoob Case....marfoo case
أب .........Father…………….…………………..…..أبو ……………………أبا…………….……… أبي
أخ………..Brother……………………………..……..أخو…………………..أخ ا………… ……….. أخي
حمو…….. Father-in-law……………………..…….حمو…….. …………..حما…………………. حمي
ذو……….Owner of, holder of, having……… ذو……………………. ذا……………………. ذي
فو………..Mouth ……………………………………….فو………………………فا…………………. فَيْ
هن………………………………………………………… هنُ or …………. هنَ or …………. هن ِ or



As you can see in the above list, the word هن can have the normal vowel ending or the special letter ending. Commonly, this word ends with the normal vowel endings and not the special endings. However, some people do use the special ending although it is rare.

As for the remaining five words, the special letter ending is more common while the vowel ending is used less but is acceptable.

Note: there are some conditions that these words must meet to have these special grammatical endings. One of those conditions is that the word must not be conjugated to the pronoun ي. If conjugated to this pronoun, these words don’t have these grammatical endings. For example, if the word أب is conjugated with the pronoun ي the word becomes أبي in all cases , whether it is in the marfoo postion or in the mansoob position or in the majroor position. Saying أبوي is incorrect. The correct word is أبي .

Another condition is that the word must be attached to another noun or pronoun other than ي in a possessive relationship (modaf). For example, أبو زيد . for example, you can say جاء أبو زيد , رأيت أبا زيد , and مررت بأبي زيد but it is incorrect to say: جاء أبو . The correct way when the word is used alone is: أب, for example: جاء أبٌ . in that case, the grammatical ending is the same as normal nouns, that is with a damma in the marfoo position, a fathha in the mansoob case, and a kasra in the majroor case.

You will learn the remaining conditions and more about these special words in books of Arabic grammar.


Prevented from sarf الممنوع من الصرف

Sarf is the part of Arabic language study that contains information about changes within a word depending on its position in the sentence.

ممنوع من الصرف are nouns whose grammatical endings don’t change in the same way as the normal Arabic words.

If you come across such words and see that the word has a grammatical ending different from its normal grammatical ending, you should know that most probably it is because these words are of the words prevented from grammatical changes.

The ممنوع من الصرف words end in a damma in the marfoo case, a fathha in both the mansoob and majroor case if they are not preceded by the proper article ال or if they are not followed by a modaf ilaih in a possessive relationship. If they are, then they end in the normal way. Another thing is that these words don’t accept tanwin vowels.

Some Words that are ممنوع من الصرف :
Feminine proper nouns and proper nouns that end in the feminine ة .
Non-Arabic proper nouns. Such as Ibrahim ابراهيم
Names whose structure is like verbs, such as أحمد or يزيد .
Words that have the structure وزن of مفاعل such as masaajid مساجد .

This was only an introduction to these types of words. There are many more which you will learn in more detailed grammar books.

[Muhaba]

Week 24 - Adjectives
Vocabulary:
نظيف clean
كبير big
جميل beautiful
صغير small

In Arabic the adjectives come after the noun it describes.
Here are some examples:
طالب ٌ زكيّ ٌ – intelligent student
الطلبات نشيطات – the energetic (female) students
بَيْتٌ نظيفٌ – clean house
البيتُ الكبير – the big house
القطة الجميلة – the beautiful
سيارة صغيرة – small car
حقائب جميلات – beautiful handbags

As you can see from the above examples, the adjective changes form depending on the noun it describes. If the noun is proper, the adjective is also proper, that is, it contains ال at the start. But if the noun is improper, then the adjective is also improper.
Additionally, if the noun is masculine, the adjective is masculine and if the noun is feminine, then the adjective is also feminine.
And if the noun is singular, then the adjective is also singular, but if the noun is plural, then the adjective is also plural. . And if the noun is dual, then the adjective is also dual.


Additionally, the adjective’s ending vowel (grammatical ending) depends on the vowel on the noun it describes, that is depending on the noun’s position in the sentence as shown in the following sentences.
I like clean houses. أحبُّ بيوتٌ نظيفةٌ
The big house is for sale. البيتُ الكبير للبيع
The beautiful cat is sitting under the tree. القطة الجميلة جالسةً تحت الشجرةِ
The man is in a small car. الرجلُ في سيارةٍ صغيرةٍ
I saw beautiful (hand)bags in the market. رأيتُ حقائب جميلات في السوق

As you can see from the above examples, the adjective’s grammatical ending depends on the noun it describes. The adjective’s grammatical case (whether it is marfoo, mansoob, or majroor), is the same as the noun it describes. So, if the noun is marfoo مرفوع, the adjective that describes it will be marfoo. If the noun is mansoobمنصوب , the adjective will be mansoob. And if the noun is majroor مجرور then the adjective will be majroor.

Revision:
As you may remember, a noun is marfoo if it is the subject (مبتدأ or فاعل) or the خبر of the sentence or if it follows a word that makes it marfoo (such as كان ). A noun is mansoob if it is the object of the sentence (مفعول به) or if it follows a word that makes it mansoob (such as إنَّ). And a noun is majroor if it follows a preposition or if it is the modaf ilaih.
A noun in the marfoo case contains a damma on the last letter if it is singular, irregular noun or feminine plural. It contains a ون at the end if it is masculine plural. And it contains ان at the end if it is a dual noun.
A noun in the mansoob case contains a fathha on the last letter if it is singular or irregular. It contains a ينَ with a kasra under the ya if it is masculine plural. And it contains a يَن ِ with a fathha on the ya if it is a dual noun. If it is a feminine plural noun, it contains a kasra on the last letter.
A noun in the majroor case contains a kasra on the last letter if it is singular, irregular, or feminine plural. And like the mansoob case, it contains a a ya + nun with a kasra on the ya if it is masculine plural and a ya + nun with a fathha on the ya if it is a dual noun.

Note: proper nouns (those containing the proper article ال ) don’t contain tanwin. They contain only a single vowel on the last letter. improper nouns on the other hand contain the tanwin.

More Examples of adjectives:
صخير small
كبير big
جميل beautiful
طويل tall
قصير short
واسِع spacious
نظيف clean
وسخ dirty
خفيف thin
ثقيل heavy
هاديءcalm
مسرور happy
حزين sad
سريع fast
بطيء slow

Practice tip: use adjectives in your sentences. Make sure the adjective’s case is the same as the noun it describes, whether it is singular or plural, masculine or feminine, proper or improper, and whether it is subject, object, etc.

[Muhaba]

Supplement 24: hamza al qatta ( همزة القطة ) and hamza al wasl ( همزة الوصل )

Hamza tul qatta (همزة القطة ) إ , أ is an alif with the hamza(ء) on it. It is pronounced whether the word comes in the beginning of the sentence or in the middle or end.

Hamza tul wasl (همزة الوصل ) (ا) is an alif that doesn’t have a hamza (ء)on it. It is pronounced if the word comes at the beginning of a statement but if it comes in the middle, that is with other words preceding it, then it is not pronounced but is attached to the word preceding it.

For example, the word ism ( اسم ) , meaning name, starts with the hamza al wasl. It is pronounced ism when said alone or at the start of a sentence. For example: Ismee Jameela ( اسمي جميلة ) (meaning “my name is Jameela”). However, in the middle of a statement, it is attached to the preceding word. For example, ما اسمك (what is your name) is pronounced masmuk. That is, the hamza at the start of ism ( اسم ) isn’t pronounced. Another example: باسم الله is pronounced bismillah and not bi ismi Allah.

The hamza al wasl is written simply as an alif without a hamza ( ء ) on it.

The following start with hamza tul wasl:
1. The 10 nouns:
Allah - الله
Name - اسم
Son - ابن
Daughter - ابنة
Two - اثنان and Two (feminine) - اثنتان
Man - اُمرؤ
Woman - امرأة
ايم
اَيمن
اُبنم

2. The imperative of the three-letter verb ( الفعل الثلاثي ), that is the verb whose root form (past tense form) only has three letters.

For example, the imperative form of ذهب is اذْهب . Note that it doesn’t have the hamza on the alif.
3. The past tense, imperative, and noun ( مصدر ) of the five and six letter verbs ( الفعل الخماسي and الفعل السداسي ). That is, those verbs whose root forms (the past tense form) have 5 letters or 6 letters. For example, استقبلَ - استقبال

4. in the proper article ( ال ). This is pronounced when the word comes at the beginning of a statement. If it comes in the middle of a statement, however, the laam ( ل ) is attached to the word before it and the alif in ال isn’t pronounced.

Practice tip: practice reading a paragraph containing both hamzas. Try to pronounce the words properly.

[Muhaba]

Week 25 - Using more than one verb in a sentence

To place two verbs in one sentence, use أنْ between the verbs. The second verb must be in the present infinitive form (present tense form of the verb).

Remember, when the present tense verb is preceded by أنْ , it ends in the mansoob case. That is, if it is masculine singular, then it ends in a fathha (َ ) on the last letter. If it is a dual verb or masculine plural verb or second person feminine singular, then the ending ن is omitted from the verb. This is known as نصب . (that is, the verb is منصوب with أنْ . If the present tense verb is feminine plural, the huroof nasb do not affect it. It remains the same in all cases because it is مبني. That is, its form does not change.

Some Examples of two words in one sentence:
أريدُ أنْ أشربَ قهوى. I want to drink coffee.
هل تريد أنْ تزورَ صديقك؟ Do you want to visit your friend?
هل تريدين أنْ تزوري صديقتك ِ؟ Do you (feminine) want to visit your (female) friend?
هل تريدون أنْ تذهبوا إلى بلدكم؟ Do you (plural) want to go to your country?
أترغبون أنْ تذهبوا إلى شاطيء البحر؟ Would you like to go to the beach? (Note: In this sentence, the first word is preceded by أ which is the hamza of inquiry حمزة الإستفهام. Like the word هل , the حمزة الإستفهام turns the sentence into a question, except that it is used with the present tense verb.
هنّ يردْنَ أنْ يدرسْنَ. – They want to study. (Note: In this sentence, the verb used is the feminine plural present tense verb. As you may recall, the feminine plural present tense verb is مبني . That is, it’s form doesn’t change. It always remains the same. The feminine plural present tense verb always has a sukun on the last letter of the verb while the nun at the end of the verb is the feminine plural pronoun. This nun always contains a fathha.)

More examples: (Note the ending of the verbs)
Verbs in the marfoo case verbs in the mansoob case
يشربُ he drinks أنْ يشربَ
تشرَبُ you drink أنْ تشربَ
تشربينَ you (feminine) drinks أنْ تشربيْ
هُمْ يشربون they drink أنْ يشربوا
أنتمْ تشربُون you (plural ) drink أنْ تشرَبُوا
هما يشربان they (two) drink أنْ يشرَبا
أنتما تشربان you (two) drink أنْ تشرَبا
أنْتنَّ تشرَبْنَ you (feminine plural) drink أن تشرَبْنَ

As you can see from the last example, both feminine plural present tense verbs are the same. This is because the feminine plural present tense verb is mabny مَبْنِي meaning it is structured this way and doesn’t change in any case. (Revise Lesson 10 - Words that make the Present Tense Verb Mansoob and Supplement 18.>>> أفعال الخمسة for more information about Present Tense Verbs in different Grammatical cases.)

Practice tip: make sentences using two verbs.

[Muhaba]

Jan. 16, 2011
Supplement: Qad قَدْ
Qad is a word that may be used with the present tense verb and the past tense verb. It’s meaning differs depending on which verb type it is used

When قَدْ is used with the past tense verb, it means certainly.
She certainly went. قد ذهبتْ
He certainly studied.قد درسَ

However, when قَدْ is used with the present tense verb, it means maybe/possibly.
It may rain. قد يمطر
I may travel. قد أسافر

To use this word in sentences, just precede the verb with qad.
Practice tip: use قد in your sentences to show certainty or possibility.

[Muhaba]

Vocabulary (Verbs) 4


Shootيقذف

Showيعرض

Shutيغلق

Singيغني

Sitيجلس

Sleepينام

Speakيتكلم

Spendينفق

Spreadينشر

Standيقف

Stealيسرق

Stickيلصق

Swimيسبح

Takeيأخذ

Teachيعلم

Tellيخبر \ يقول

Thinkيفكر

Throwيرمي

Understandيفهم \ يدرك

Wearيلبس

Winيفوز

Writeيكتب


Practice tip: conjugate the verbs with pronouns and use them in sentences.
Write the conjugated verb forms for the following pronouns:

أنا I
أنتَ you
أنتِ you
أنتما you dual
أنتم you plural
أنتنّ you plural fem
هو he
هي she
هما they dual mas
هما they dual fem
هم they plural
هنّ they plural fem


For example, some conjugated forms for the verb ينام are:
أنا أنام
أنت َ تنام
أنت ِ تنامينَ
هو ينام
هي تنام
هم ينامون
هن ينمْنَ

[Muhaba]

Week 26 – Introduction to the passive verb and passive sentences

(Introduction to the Mabny lil majhool verb فعل مبني للمجهول and the Mabny lil majhool sentence جملة مبني للمجهول .)


The فعل مبني للمجهول (Mabny lil majhool verb) is the passive verb. It is used in passive sentences. It has a special form and the normal verb (active verb) is not used in passive sentences.

The mabny lil majhool verb can be in the past tense or the present tense. Each tense has its own form and there are rules for making each type of verb. The mabny lil majhool verb is also known as mabny lil maf’ool verb.


The mabny lil majhool sentence.

The mabny lil majhool مبني للمجهول sentence (“Sentence structured for the unknown”), is the passive sentence. It is also known as mabny lil maf’oolمبني للمفعول sentence (“Sentence structured for the object”).

As you may know, a passive sentence is a sentence in which the object becomes the subject of the sentence. For example: the ball was thrown رُمِيَ الكُرَّة ُ.

Unlike the English passive sentence where the doer may be mentioned at the end of the sentence (as in the sentence: “the ball was thrown by someone”), in Arabic, the doerفاعل is completely invisible. The object, like in the English passive sentence, becomes the subject of the sentence. In the Arabic passive sentence, the object is called the naaib ul faailنائب الفاعل as it takes the place of the faa’il فاعل (doer) in the subject position. Therefore, like the faa’il, the naib ul faa’il is also marfooمرفوع .

((Revision of the marfoo case of the noun:

In the marfoo case, the singular noun and the irregular noun (singular or plural) both have a damma on the last letter. Example: المدرسُ - الطالبُ

The masculine plural noun ends in a waw + nun ون in the marfoo case. Example: مدرسون

The dual noun ends in an alif + nun ان in the marfoo case. Example: مدرسان

The feminine plural noun ends in a damma on the ending ت . example: مدرساتُ

If the noun is irregular (singular or plural,) it ends in a damma on the last letter in the marfoo case.) example: الطلابُ – الطالبُ ))


The mabny lil majhool مبني للمجهول sentence is a verbal sentence الجملة الفعلية. That is, it starts with a verb and not a noun. The verb in this sort of sentence has its own form and the normal verb is not used in the mabny lil majhool sentence.

The verb is known as fa’il mabny lil majhool فعل مبني للمجهول (verb structured for the unknown) or fa’il mabny lil maf’ool فعل مبني للمفعول (verb structured for the object) and may be in the past tense or present tense. Each tense has its own rules.


Rules for the past tense mabny lil majhool verb (fa’il maad mabny lil majhool فعل ماض مبني للمجهول ):

To make a past tense verb passive, use the following rule:

Place a damma on the first letter of the past tense verb and a kasra on the letter before the last.

Use this rule for past tense verbs that don’t begin with hamza-tul-wasl.

Examples of past tense mabny lil majhool verbs:

سُئلَ – asked , the normal verb is: سأل – he asked

Example passive sentence: سُئل السؤالُ – a question was asked.

(Normal i.e. active sentence: سَألَ الرجلُ السُؤالَ - the man asked the question.)

Note that in the passive sentence سؤال has a damma on it while in the active sentence it has a fathha on it. this is because in the passive sentence, سؤال is the subject of the sentence while in the active sentence it is the object.

The subject of the passive sentence is known as the na’ib al faa’il نائب الفاعل and is always marfoo like the فاعل because it takes the place of the فاعل.


كُسِرَ – broke , the normal verb was كسَرَ (with a fathha on the first letter)
كُسِرَ الزجاجُ – the glass was broken
(normal active sentence: كَسَرَ الولدُ الزجاج َ the boy broke the glass.)

فُتِحَ - opened
فُتِحَ البابُ – the door was opened.
Active sentence: فَتحَ الطالبُ البابَ - the student opened the door. As you can see in this sentence, the object باب has a fathha on the last letter because it is mansoob.


As you can see in the above examples, each of the passive past tense verb has a damma on the first letter and a kasra on the letter before the last letter of the verb. The last letter contains its normal vowel, a fathha.

This is the form if the past tense doesn’t start with the hamza-tul-wasl.

If the past tense verb starts with hamza-tul-wasl, use the following rule to make the passive verb:
Place a damma on the first and third letter of the past tense verb and a kasra on the letter before the last letter.

Examples:
Passive verb - active verb
اُسْتُفهِمَ ostofhima اِسْتفْهَمَ istafhama
اُستُغفِرَ ostoghfira اِسْتَغْفَرَ istaghfira
Note: in the active verb, the first and third letter contain a damma and the letter before the last contains a kasra.

Rules for present tense mabny lil majhool verb فعل مضارع مبني للمجهول
To make the present tense verb passive, use the following rule:
Place a damma on the first letter of the present tense verb and a fathha on the letter before the last.


Examples of some present tense mabny lil majhool verbs.
يُسْألُ – (The active form is: يَسْألُ )
يُسألُ السؤالُ – the question is asked
يُفتحُ - (the active form is: يَفتحُ )
يُفتحُ البابُ – the door is opened
يُؤْكَلُ – (the active form is: يَأكَلُ )
يُؤْكَلُ الطُعَامُ - the food is eaten.



Hint: If you memorize an example of each type of verb, it will make it easier for you to remember the rules for making the verb mabny lil majhool.
As you can see, it is fairly easy to learn to make the passive sentence. All you need to remember is that the object مفعول به takes the place of the subject, the doer فاعل is invisible, and the verb has a special form. Making the passive form of the verb is easy if you learn the rules and one example.
This is only an introduction to the passive verb and passive sentence. Further in your studies you can learn more about these types of sentences and use them in your speaking and writing.
Example sentences (Past Tense):
دُرِسَ الدَرْسُ – the lesson was studied.
The active verb is: دَرَسَ
بُنِيَ البناءُ – the building was built.
The active verb is: بَنأ
سُمِعَ الكلامُ – the saying was heard.
The active verb is: سَمِعَ

Example sentences (Present Tense):
يُدْرَسُ الدرسُ – the lesson is (being) studied.
يُبْنعُ البناءُ – the building is (being) built.
يُسْمعُ الكلامُ – the talk is (being) listened to.

Note that in each of the passive sentences, the object has taken the position of the doer and has become the subject of the sentence. Therefore, it is marfoo and not mansoob. The subject of the passive sentence is known as نائب الفاعل and is marfoo.

Practice tip – make sentences using passive verbs

Revision:
Past Tense Verbs:
The first letter of the passive past tense verb contains a damma and the letter before the last contains a kasra if it doesn’t start with hamza-tul wasl.
If a past tense verb starts with hamza – tul wasl, then in the passive form, the first and third letter of the verb contain a damma and the letter before the last contains a kasra.

Present Tense Verbs:
The first letter of the present tense verb contains a damma and the letter before the last contains a fathha.

Revision of hamza-tul wasl:
It is the hamza that is pronounced when you start the statement with it but not if it comes in the middle of a statement. For example, the hamza in اِستقبال – reception - is pronounced if you start a statement with it but isn’t pronounced if a word precedes it. so if it comes at the start of a statement, it would be pronounced istiqbaal. But in the middle of a statement (for example غرْفة استقبال – ghurfatu istiqbaal – is pronounced as ghurfatustiqbaal.)
See Supplement 24 for more information.

[Muhaba]

W26 Supplement – Middle Hamza, special cases
August 15, 2011

As you learned before, when the hamza is in the middle of the word همزة المتوسطة , the letter the hamza is placed on depends on the vowel on the hamza and the vowel on the letter preceding it.

Vowels have different strengths. The kasra is the strongest. The damma is the second strongest. The fathha, the third strongest. and the sukun is the weakest. Normally, the middle hamza is placed on the letter (yah, waw, or alif) depending on the vowel on the hamza and the vowel on the letter preceding it. the hamza being placed on the vowel appropriate for the stronger of the two vowels.

However, in some cases the middle hamza is not placed on the letter appropriate for the stronger vowel. This is so in the following cases:
1. The hamza is placed on the line if, as ء:
If it has a fathha on it and the letter preceding it is a waw (وْ ) or an alif ( ا ْ ) with a sukun on it.
If it has a damma on it and the letter preceding it is a waw with a sukun ( وْ ) on it.

If on the other hand, if the hamza has a kasra on it, then it is placed on a nabira ئ , as normal.

Some examples:
قراءَة – reading – in this word, the alif is a madd letter. it elongates the vowel preceding it but isn’t pronounced in itself. The hamza after the alif has a fathha on it. therefore, the hamza is placed on the line.

توْءَم – twin – in this word, the hamza has a fathha and is preceded by a waw sakin (waw with sukun on it) so the hamza is placed on a line.

موْءُودة - - in this word, the hamza has a damma and is preceded by waw sakin وْ (waw with sukun on it) so the hamza is placed on the line.



What if the hamza has a sukun on it and the letter before it is a waw or alif with a sukun on it? This never happens as in Arabic two letters with sukun on it never come together. If two letters with sukun on them ever come in one word, then one of them is omitted.

2. if the hamza comes after a ya sakin يْ (ya with a sukun on it), the hamza is written on a nabira no matter what vowel is on the hamza. That is, whether the hamza has a kasra, a damma, or a fathha, in all cases it is written on a nabira if it follows a yah sakin.

Some examples:
هيئة – appearance – the hamza has a fathha on it. since it is preceded by a ya with sukun on it يْ, it is placed on a nabira, although the letter appropriate for the stronger vowel (fathha) is an alif.

تجزيئها – its parts – in the marfoo position, this word has a damma on the last letter of the noun, which is the hamza ( the ha being an added pronoun). Since the letter before the hamza is a ya sakin يْ , the hamza is placed on a nabira, although the letter appropriate for the stronger vowel (damma) is a waw و .

تجزيئها – its parts – in the majroor position, this word has a kasra on the hamza. Since the letter preceding the hamza is a ya sakin يْ , therefore the hamza is placed on a nabira.

Learn the rules related to the hamza so it is easier to use the proper spelling in your writing.

[Muhaba]

Week 27 – introduction to Conditional words and sentences containing conditions
August 14, 2011

Conditional sentences take the form “if…then.” For example, “if you study (then) you will pass.”
Such sentences contain conditional words. Conditional words may be nouns أسماء or prepositionsحروف . Some conditional words make the verb majzoom. They are known as أدوات الشرط الجازمة . Other conditional words, known as أدوات الشرط غير الجازمة , do not make the verb majzoom.

(Revision of the majzoom case of the present tense verb: as you may recall, present tense verbs are normally marfoo. In the marfoo case, when masculine singular, the verb contains a damma on the last letter. When masculine plural, dual, or second person feminine, the verb contains a nun at the end.
Certain words make the verb mansoob or majzoom.
In the majzoom case, the singular verb’s damma is replaced with a sukun. That is, the singular verb ends in a sukun in the majzoom case. The dual, masculine plural, and second person feminine verb’s ending nun is omitted in the majzoom case. (That is, if the verb is one of the 5 verbs known as أفعال الخمسة, their ending nun is omitted in the majzoom case.)
If the verb is the feminine plural present tense verb, its form doesn’t change. It is مبني . Its form always remains the same and is not affected by the huroof nasb or huroof jazm.)
If the present tense verb ends in one of the sick lettersحروف العلة , its ending sick letterحرف العلة is omitted in the majzoom case.)

Conditional words that make the verb majzoom أدوات الشرط الجازمة
Some conditional words make the verb majzoom.
Conditional words that make the verb majzoom affect two verbs. That is, they make two verbs majzoom: the conditional verb and the answer to the condition (answering verb).
For example, the word إنْ (with sukun on the nun) is a conditional word meaning “if”. It makes two verbs majzoom.
Analyze the following sentence:
إنْ تدرُسْ تنجحْ - if you study you will succeed.
In this sentence, the conditional word إنْ has made the two present tense verbs (تدرس and تنجح) majzoom. (Note that the two present tense verbs in this sentence contain a sukun on the last letter).
Other conditional words that make the present tense verb majzoom
The following is a list of words that make the verb majzoom along with some sample sentences.
إنْ – if
إن تدرسْ تنجحْ – If you study you will pass.

إذما - if
مَن ْ – whoever
منْ يدرسْ يَنجَحْ – Whoever studies passes (or succeeds).

ما – whatever
ما تفعلْ ترَ نتيجته – whatever you do, you will see its results. – in this sentence, the answering verb is a verb that ends in حرف العلة. The original verb is: ترى which means “you see.” In the majzoom case, the ending حرف العلة (ى) is omitted.

مهما - whatever

متي – whenever
متى تسافرْ أسافرْ – Whenever you travel I travel.

أيان - whenever
أينما – wherever
أينما تذهبْ يذهبْ أخوكَ – wherever you go, your brother goes.
حيثما – wherever
أنّى – wherever
كيفما – however
كيفما تعاملْ الناس يعاملْ معك – however you treat people, they treat you

أيّ – whichever – this word can be used for whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, and however. See following examples:

أيّ إنسان – whichever person = مَنْ
أيّ شيء – whichever thing = ما
أيّ وقت – whichever time = متى
أيّ مكان – whichever place =أينما
أيّ حال – whichever condition = كيفما


Conditional Words which do not make the verb majzoom أدوات الشرط غير الجازمة
The following words do not make the verb majzoom. The verbs after these words are in their normal case. Additionally, they may be used with the present tense verb or the past tense verb.

لوْ – if
لوْ درسْت نجحت – if you had studied you would have succeeded (passed).
لوْلا – if not (or had it not been for)
لولا المطر لمات الناس - had it not been for the rain, all people would have died.

إذا – if
إذا رأيتك فرحت – when I saw you I became happy.
كلما – whenever
كُلما زرتك فرحت – whenever I visited you I became happy.

لَمّا – when
لمّا أزورُك أفرحُ – when I visit you I become happy.

This is an introduction to conditional sentences. You will learn more about them in books of Arabic grammar. For now, learn to use them and make your language spicier.

[Muhaba]

W27 supplement - verbs that end in the huroof ila حروف علة

Huroof ila are known as “huroof ila” or sick letters because they are removed in certain circumstances. They also make the language more complicated.
Huroof ila حروف العلة are the three letters: alif (not hamza), waw, and ya. ي, و, ا

The huroof al ila حروف العلة are omitted from the end of the verb in the majzoom and mansoob cases of the present tense verb. (Note that the ending of these verbs in the mansoob and majzoom cases are the same because the ending حرف العلة is removed in these cases.) Additionally, the letter before the حرف العلة contains the vowel appropriate for the حرف العلة that was removed. So if the حرف العلة was an alif (ا or ى) the vowel will be a fathha ( َ ). If the حرف العلة was a ya ( ي ) the vowel will be a kasra ( ِ ). If the حرف العلة was a waw ( و ) the vowel will be a damma ( ُ ).
Some examples:
Present Tense Verb Marfoo case فعل مضارع مرفوع Defination Mansoob Case
منصوب Majzoom Case
مجزوم
يرى To see يرَ يرَ
يتقي To fear يتق ِ يثق ِ
يَمْشِي To walk اِمْشِ اِمْشِ
يقضِي To judge اِقضِ اِقضِ
يدعو To pray (or to call) اُدْعُ اُدْعُ

Revision:
As you may recall, the present tense verb is normally marfoo (except the feminine plural present tense verb which is always mabny – unchanging.)
The singular present tense verb contains a damma on the last letter in the marfoo case.
The dual and masculine plural and second person feminine present tense verb (that is, the afaal al khamsa - the 5 verbs) contain a nun at the end of the verb in the marfoo case.
The feminine plural present tense verb’s form doesn’t change. It is always mabny.

The huroof nasb make the present tense verb mansoob. The huroof nasb are: أنْ – لن – ل ِ – إذا ً – كيْ
- The singular present tense verb contains a fathha on the last letter in the mansoob case.
- The dual and masculine plural and second person feminine present tense verbs’ ending nun is omitted in the mansoob case.
- The feminine plural present tense verb’s form doesn’t change. It is always mabny.
- If the present tense verb contains one of the sick letters at the end, the sick letter is omitted in the mansoob case.

The huroof jazm make the present tense verb majzoom.
- The singular present tense verb contains a sukun on the last letter in the majzoom case.
- The remaining present tense verbs end the same way in the majzoom case as in the mansoob case, that is, with the ending nun omitted if it is one of the afaal al khamza and the harf al ila (sick letter) omitted if it ends in the harf al ila.
If the present tense verb is mabny, its ending doesn’t change. In all three cases (marfoo, mansoob, majzoom), the verb remains the same.

For more information, see Extra Practice Lesson: Afaal Al Khamsa. Also, revise the lessons and Supplements on Imperative verbs.

[Muhaba]

Dec. 31, 2010
Week 28 - Words used in place of verbs to show action.

There are words that can be used in place of the verb which show action. Examples are اسم الفاعل ismul faa’il (subject), اسم المفعول ism al maf’ool (object), مصدر masdar (verb without tense), اسم الفعل ismul fa’il (verbal noun). In English all of these are called nouns. The difference between normal nouns and these words is that they are derived from verbs. So they have a form similar to the verb.

مصدر Masdar in sentences

To make more complex sentences, you can use the masdar مَصْدَر (plural: مصادر) , which is the infinitive form of the verb (verb without tense). (grammatically, the masdar is a noun). The masdar can be used in place of the verb to show action. (note, in English, the infinitive is the root form of the verb , that is, “to + present tense verb”. This is equivalent to the masdar mo’awal مصدر مؤول that is, أنْ + present tense verb. In Arabic, the normal masdar is the noun of the verb. However grammaticians call it the infinitive form.

The following are examples of مصادر:
Visit - زِيارَة
Going – ذِهاب
Study – دراسَة
Writing - كتابة

The masdar can to be used with a verb, such as أريدُ (I want), أرغبُ (I would like), أتمنّ (I expect) etc. The verb preceding the masdar may be conjugated with any pronoun.

When using the masdar, you don’t use أن . However, أنْ +present tense verb is also a form of masdar, known as masdar mo-awwal مصدر مؤول . The مصدر مؤول is simply the present tense verb preceded by أنْ .

Example of masdar usage in sentences.
أترغبون زيارة؟ - would you like to travel?
أرغبُ رؤيتك – I would like to see you.
Example of masdar mo-awwal in sentences:
أريدُ أنْ أزوركَ. – I want to visit you.
أريدُ أنْ أدرسَ. – I want to study.


As you can see from the above examples, when أنْ is used with a verb, the present tense verb has a fathha at the end instead of the normal damma. This is because أنْ is one of the huruf nasb ( حروف نصب ) which makes the present tense verb mansoob.

Note, the masdar and masdar mo’awal can be used in place of each other. Where you can use the masdar, you can replace it with the masdar mo’awal. An example in the sentence:
أرغبُ رؤيتك – here the masdar is used
أرغب أن أراك – here the masdar mo’awal is used in place of the above masdar.

Note: both sentences mean the same thing: I would like to see you

اسم الفاعل and اسم المفعول
The ism ul faa’il (name of doer) and the ismul mafool (name of object) both do the work of the verb and can be used in place of the verb. Both these words are derived from the verb and therefore, their form is similar to the verb.

اسم الفاعل

Some examples of ism ul faa’il (اسم الفاعل) (name of doer):
ذاهبٌ – ذاهبةٌ - going
مسافرٌ - travelling
راكب - rider


I am going – أنا ذاهبٌ | ذاهبة ٌ
I am travelling (literally, I am a traveller) –أنا مُسافِرٌ
I am travelling today. – أنا مسافر ٌ اليوم

As you can see in the examples above, in many cases, the اسم الفاعل has the structure of the word "فاعل" for example, دارس , كاتب etc. Thus, you can make the verb from the اسم الفاعل and the اسم الفاعل from the verb. To make the اسم الفاعل from the three letter word, just add an alif after the first letter of the past tense verb.



اسم المفعول - name of object
مكتوب – writing or written
مشغول – busy
مفهوم - understood

As can be seen in the examples above, in many cases, the اسم المفعول has the structure of the word " مفعول " for example, مدروس , مكتوب , مفهوم etc. This is especially the case if the verb is a three-letter verb. To make the اسم المفعول from the three letter word, just add a meem (م) to the beginning of the past tense three-letter verb and add a waw و before the last letter. for example, رسم  مرسوم . that is, the اسم المفعول of the three letter verb has the structure of مفعول .

This was just an introduction to these types of words. Further in your study, in more complex Arabic study books and especially in courses of balagha, you can learn more about using such words in sentences in place of the normal verb to make more eloquent sentences. Additionally, in books of Arabic grammar you can learn about making the masdar, ism al faa’il , ism al maf’ool, etc of verbs whose original letters are more than three letters.

[Muhaba]

Dec. 31, 2010
Numbers
1. واحد
2.اثنين
3.ثلاثة
4.أربعة
5.خمسة
6.ستة
7.سبعة
8.ثمانية
9.تسعة
10.عشرة
11.إحدى عشرة
12.إثنة عشرة
13ثلاث عشرة .
14. أربع عشرة
15. خمس عشرة
…..
20.عشرون , عشرين
21.واحد و إشرون
22.إثنين و عشرون
…
30. ثلاثون , ثلاثين
31.واحد و ثلاثين
…
40.أربعون , أربعين
50. خمسون , خمسين
60.ستون , ستين
70.سبعون , سبعين
80.ثمانون , ثمانين
90.تسعون , تسعين
100.مائة
101.مائة و واحد
102.مائة و اثنين
110.مائة و عشر
120.مائة و عشرون
200.مئتان , مئتين
201. مائتين و واحد
210.ماتين و عشر
220.مائتين و عشرين
300.ثلاثة مائة
400.أربع مائة
1000ألف .
2000ألفين .
5000خمس آلاف .
10000عشر آلاف .

Practice tip: use numbers in sentences. Talk about age, what you plan to do in the next __ months / years, etc.

[Muhaba]

This is the end of the EZ Arabic Course. It is my hope that you have benefited from this course. This course is provided free of charge with the intention of making learning Arabic easier for the English speaker. For this reason, although this work is copyrighted, I give permission for the reproduction of this course for free distribution or non-profit purpose as long as any of the material remains unchanged.

I am hopeful that those who complete this course will find it easier to study books in Arabic. For further study, the following books are recommended:

Sharh Ibn Aqeel ala Alfiah Ibn Malik - شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك - This is a great book and a must-have for those who want to study Arabic seriously. I recommend getting it in Arabic after you have learned the language enough to be able to read and understand it. The book is very simple, although at the beginning you may think that it is a bit hard to understand. I have found the book to be much easier to understand than other grammar books. (The book is actually an explanation of poetry written by Ibn Malik. Ibn Malik wrote the grammar rules in verse and this book explains the grammar verse by verse. It is truly a great book.)

Itihaaf al-tarf fee ‘ilm as-sarf اتحاف الطرف في علم الصرف - for the study of sarf which is the study of changes that take place within a word depending on the position of the word in the sentence.

Fee al-duroos al-nahwiyoon -

[Muslim Woman]

:sl:

O Allah , increase my patience & intellegnce so that I can learn Aarbic and can use it in dawah purpose , Ameen.

[Muhaba]

^ameen.

arabic is not a difficult course at all. soon i'll be restarting posting a revised version of the course on facebook. check this page for link. and remind me if i don't do it soon enough.

['Abd Al-Maajid]

^ Which facebook page?

[Muhaba]

^it is not made yet. it will be special for this course. insha-Allah I will make it soon.

[Muslim Woman]

:sl:

sis , make the fb page open for public. Othewise those who don't use fb wont' be able to learn :(

[Pure Purple]

This is the end of the EZ Arabic Course. It is my hope that you have benefited from this course. This course is provided free of charge with the intention of making learning Arabic easier for the English speaker. For this reason, although this work is copyrighted, I give permission for the reproduction of this course for free distribution or non-profit purpose as long as any of the material remains unchanged.

I am hopeful that those who complete this course will find it easier to study books in Arabic. For further study, the following books are recommended:

Sharh Ibn Aqeel ala Alfiah Ibn Malik - شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك - This is a great book and a must-have for those who want to study Arabic seriously. I recommend getting it in Arabic after you have learned the language enough to be able to read and understand it. The book is very simple, although at the beginning you may think that it is a bit hard to understand. I have found the book to be much easier to understand than other grammar books. (The book is actually an explanation of poetry written by Ibn Malik. Ibn Malik wrote the grammar rules in verse and this book explains the grammar verse by verse. It is truly a great book.)

Itihaaf al-tarf fee ‘ilm as-sarf اتحاف الطرف في علم الصرف - for the study of sarf which is the study of changes that take place within a word depending on the position of the word in the sentence.

Fee al-duroos al-nahwiyoon -

I am far behind in this course,but I will continue to learn.If I will have any doubts I will post here,hope you will help me.

[Muhaba]

^ I will be glad to help you.

join us on facebook too, to do the course from the beginning. the facebook page will be public so all can learn. Insha-Allah coming soon. I will post the link here.

[Muhaba]

Insha-Allah, Arabic lessons will be posted at http://www. facebook . com /arabic4beginnerlearners

['Abd Al-Maajid]

^ f a c e b o o k.com/arabic4beginners ?
But that's a profile. Why dont you create a page, people can like it to get the updates. :hmm:

[Muhaba]

i'm new to facebook. on the wall, i post stuff. how do i create a page?

[Muhaba]

I'm still trying to figure facebook out. I created a page at facebook . com /arabic4beginnerlearners . I wanted it to be arabic4beginners but wasn't able to make it with that . If anyone knows how to change urls, please let me know.

Lessons will be posted on facebook at facebook . com /arabic4beginnerlearners insha-Allah.

['Abd Al-Maajid]

^ Liked the page. First person to like it. :p

[Muhaba]

ty. i hope you all benefit from it.

[Pure Purple]

^ jazakallah sis,this course is same as what you posted here on this forum.

[Muhaba]

^it has been revised and corrected. I also had an Arabic teacher check it. some things were incorrect so those were corrected. I also added some things, including a section on qamari letters and shamsi letters.

the revised edition will be posted on facebook

[Pure Purple]

http://www.islamicboard.com/urdu/134...planation.html

[Callisto]

:sl:
This is wonderful, WRITER! I just found the thread and am working my way through it. I have actually switched to the FB page to start with the alif-baa and special vowels to start. If I make it to the end of what you have there so far, I will switch to the thread here.

If I could make a special request? I am not new to Arabic, having studied three semesters in college and then travelling for 3 weeks earlier this year, in Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt (for the elections). I have a little vocabulary to work with, but it is mostly dialect. Mashy. Eshta yaba! :) But the combination of learning the alif baa and the latinized pronounciation is key, especially when given some opportunity to practice with other arabic speakers. I caught a ride with a very nice Moroccan man and we were able to speak some sentences. Fursa said'a.

So, I would request you put more latinized phonetic spellings of the Arabic, for the first 20 lessons or so, to really drive the pronunciation of the alif baa home. That is a HUGE help.

Thanks VERY MUCH for all the wonderful efforts. May Allah Bless you.

:wa:

[Callisto]

:sl:

Actually, does anyone know of a Arabic/English, English/Arabic dictionary that includes both the alif baa spellings and the latinized spellings of the Arabic?

[Callisto]

:sl:

My apologies. You have actually added these pronounciations to many of the FB lessons. Thanks very much!!!!

:wa:

[Muhaba]

^thank you for your comments. the revised version of the course will have the transliteration for at least 10 lessons. Insha-Allah I will be posting more lessons on facebook, but it will take a while. I hope to post the next lesson soon.

[Bint-e-Adam]

Very helping thread :)

[Bint-e-Adam]

Supplement - Days of the Week
Saturday - السبت
Sunday - الأحد
Monday - الإثنين
Tuesday - الثلاثاء
Wednesday - الأربعاء
Thursday - الخميس
Friday - الجمعة

Yesterday - أمس
Today - اليَوم
Tomorrow - غداً

For reading only: Sentences talking about the days:
I will be going to the market on Saturday. سأذهبُ إلى السوق يوم السبت. Or يوم السبت سأذهبُ إلى السوق.
I went to the park on Friday. ذهبْتُ إلى الحديقة يوم الجمعة.
I was in my brother’s house on Monday. كُنْتُ في بيت أخي يوم الإثنين.
Today I will study. اليوم سأدْرُس.
Tomorrow is Sunday. غداً يوم الأحد.
I was sick on yesterday. كنتُ مريضاً أمس

I was at the beach yesterday. كنتُ على شاطيء البحر أمس.
Yesterday, it snowed. أمس كان ثلج. Literally, Yesterday there was rain.
It rained today. اليوم كان مطر. Literally, yesterday there was snow.

Practice Tip: Learn the days of the week. Read the sentences to become familiar with Arabic sentences.

brother. can we write it this sentence in both the ways??::
1, اليوم كان مطر
2, كان مطراليوم

[Muhaba]

^yes you can. but i'm a sister not a brother.

[Muhaba]

Just wanted to let you all know that my book has been published and is available from AuthorHouse http://www.authorhouse.co.uk/Booksto...=SKU-000624715 . It's new title is ARABIC MADE EASY.