/* */

PDA

View Full Version : So, what did the Muslims do for the Jews?



Signor
05-18-2014, 05:27 PM
By David J Wasserstein, May 24, 2012

Islam saved Jewry. This is an unpopular, discomforting claim in the modern world. But it is a historical truth. The argument for it is double. First, in 570 CE, when the Prophet Mohammad was born, the Jews and Judaism were on the way to oblivion. And second, the coming of Islam saved them, providing a new context in which they not only survived, but flourished, laying foundations for subsequent Jewish cultural prosperity - also in Christendom - through the medieval period into the modern world.

By the fourth century, Christianity had become the dominant religion in the Roman empire. One aspect of this success was opposition to rival faiths, including Judaism, along with massive conversion of members of such faiths, sometimes by force, to Christianity. Much of our testimony about Jewish existence in the Roman empire from this time on consists of accounts of conversions.
Great and permanent reductions in numbers through conversion, between the fourth and the seventh centuries, brought with them a gradual but relentless whittling away of the status, rights, social and economic existence, and religious and cultural life of Jews all over the Roman empire.
A long series of enactments deprived Jewish people of their rights as citizens, prevented them from fulfilling their religious obligations, and excluded them from the society of their fellows.

This went along with the centuries-long military and political struggle with Persia. As a tiny element in the Christian world, the Jews should not have been affected much by this broad, political issue. Yet it affected them critically, because the Persian empire at this time included Babylon - now Iraq - at the time home to the world's greatest concentration of Jews.

Here also were the greatest centres of Jewish intellectual life. The most important single work of Jewish cultural creativity in over 3,000 years, apart from the Bible itself - the Talmud - came into being in Babylon. The struggle between Persia and Byzantium, in our period, led increasingly to a separation between Jews under Byzantine, Christian rule and Jews under Persian rule.

Beyond all this, the Jews who lived under Christian rule seemed to have lost the knowledge of their own culturally specific languages - Hebrew and Aramaic - and to have taken on the use of Latin or Greek or other non-Jewish, local, languages. This in turn must have meant that they also lost access to the central literary works of Jewish culture - the Torah, Mishnah, poetry, midrash, even liturgy.

The loss of the unifying force represented by language - and of the associated literature - was a major step towards assimilation and disappearance. In these circumstances, with contact with the one place where Jewish cultural life continued to prosper - Babylon - cut off by conflict with Persia, Jewish life in the Christian world of late antiquity was not simply a pale shadow of what it had been three or four centuries earlier. It was doomed.

Had Islam not come along, the conflict with Persia would have continued. The separation between western Judaism, that of Christendom, and Babylonian Judaism, that of Mesopotamia, would have intensified. Jewry in the west would have declined to disappearance in many areas. And Jewry in the east would have become just another oriental cult.

But this was all prevented by the rise of Islam. The Islamic conquests of the seventh century changed the world, and did so with dramatic, wide-ranging and permanent effect for the Jews.

Within a century of the death of Mohammad, in 632, Muslim armies had conquered almost the whole of the world where Jews lived, from Spain eastward across North Africa and the Middle East as far as the eastern frontier of Iran and beyond. Almost all the Jews in the world were now ruled by Islam. This new situation transformed Jewish existence. Their fortunes changed in legal, demographic, social, religious, political, geographical, economic, linguistic and cultural terms - all for the better.

First, things improved politically. Almost everywhere in Christendom where Jews had lived now formed part of the same political space as Babylon - Cordoba and Basra lay in the same political world. The old frontier between the vital centre in Babylonia and the Jews of the Mediterranean basin was swept away, forever.

Political change was partnered by change in the legal status of the Jewish population: although it is not always clear what happened during the Muslim conquests, one thing is certain. The result of the conquests was, by and large, to make the Jews second-class citizens.

This should not be misunderstood: to be a second-class citizen was a far better thing to be than not to be a citizen at all. For most of these Jews, second-class citizenship represented a major advance. In Visigothic Spain, for example, shortly before the Muslim conquest in 711, the Jews had seen their children removed from them and forcibly converted to Christianity and had themselves been enslaved.

In the developing Islamic societies of the classical and medieval periods, being a Jew meant belonging to a category defined under law, enjoying certain rights and protections, alongside various obligations. These rights and protections were not as extensive or as generous as those enjoyed by Muslims, and the obligations were greater but, for the first few centuries, the Muslims themselves were a minority, and the practical differences were not all that great.

Along with legal near-equality came social and economic equality. Jews were not confined to ghettos, either literally or in terms of economic activity. The societies of Islam were, in effect, open societies. In religious terms, too, Jews enjoyed virtually full freedom. They might not build many new synagogues - in theory - and they might not make too public their profession of their faith, but there was no really significant restriction on the practice of their religion. Along with internal legal autonomy, they also enjoyed formal representation, through leaders of their own, before the authorities of the state. Imperfect and often not quite as rosy as this might sound, it was at least the broad norm.

The political unity brought by the new Islamic world-empire did not last, but it created a vast Islamic world civilisation, similar to the older Christian civilisation that it replaced. Within this huge area, Jews lived and enjoyed broadly similar status and rights everywhere. They could move around, maintain contacts, and develop their identity as Jews. A great new expansion of trade from the ninth century onwards brought the Spanish Jews - like the Muslims - into touch with the Jews and the Muslims even of India.

All this was encouraged by a further, critical development. Huge numbers of people in the new world of Islam adopted the language of the Muslim Arabs. Arabic gradually became the principal language of this vast area, excluding almost all the rest: Greek and Syriac, Aramaic and Coptic and Latin all died out, replaced by Arabic. Persian, too, went into a long retreat, to reappear later heavily influenced by Arabic.

The Jews moved over to Arabic very rapidly. By the early 10th century, only 300 years after the conquests, Sa'adya Gaon was translating the Bible into Arabic. Bible translation is a massive task - it is not undertaken unless there is a need for it. By about the year 900, the Jews had largely abandoned other languages and taken on Arabic.

The change of language in its turn brought the Jews into direct contact with broader cultural developments. The result from the 10th century on was a striking pairing of two cultures. The Jews of the Islamic world developed an entirely new culture, which differed from their culture before Islam in terms of language, cultural forms, influences, and uses. Instead of being concerned primarily with religion, the new Jewish culture of the Islamic world, like that of its neighbours, mixed the religious and the secular to a high degree. The contrast, both with the past and with medieval Christian Europe, was enormous.

Like their neighbours, these Jews wrote in Arabic in part, and in a Jewish form of that language. The use of Arabic brought them close to the Arabs. But the use of a specific Jewish form of that language maintained the barriers between Jew and Muslim. The subjects that Jews wrote about, and the literary forms in which they wrote about them, were largely new ones, borrowed from the Muslims and developed in tandem with developments in Arabic Islam.

Also at this time, Hebrew was revived as a language of high literature, parallel to the use among the Muslims of a high form of Arabic for similar purposes. Along with its use for poetry and artistic prose, secular writing of all forms in Hebrew and in (Judeo-)Arabic came into being, some of it of high quality.

Much of the greatest poetry in Hebrew written since the Bible comes from this period. Sa'adya Gaon, Solomon Ibn Gabirol, Ibn Ezra (Moses and Abraham), Maimonides, Yehuda Halevi, Yehudah al-Harizi, Samuel ha-Nagid, and many more - all of these names, well known today, belong in the first rank of Jewish literary and cultural endeavour.

Where did these Jews produce all this? When did they and their neighbours achieve this symbiosis, this mode of living together? The Jews did it in a number of centres of excellence. The most outstanding of these was Islamic Spain, where there was a true Jewish Golden Age, alongside a wave of cultural achievement among the Muslim population. The Spanish case illustrates a more general pattern, too.

What happened in Islamic Spain - waves of Jewish cultural prosperity paralleling waves of cultural prosperity among the Muslims - exemplifies a larger pattern in Arab Islam. In Baghdad, between the ninth and the twelfth centuries; in Qayrawan (in north Africa), between the ninth and the 11th centuries; in Cairo, between the 10th and the 12th centuries, and elsewhere, the rise and fall of cultural centres of Islam tended to be reflected in the rise and fall of Jewish cultural activity in the same places.

This was not coincidence, and nor was it the product of particularly enlightened liberal patronage by Muslim rulers. It was the product of a number of deeper features of these societies, social and cultural, legal and economic, linguistic and political, which together enabled and indeed encouraged the Jews of the Islamic world to create a novel sub-culture within the high civilisation of the time.

This did not last for ever; the period of culturally successful symbiosis between Jew and Arab Muslim in the middle ages came to a close by about 1300. In reality, it had reached this point even earlier, with the overall relative decline in the importance and vitality of Arabic culture, both in relation to western European cultures and in relation to other cultural forms within Islam itself; Persian and Turkish.

Jewish cultural prosperity in the middle ages operated in large part as a function of Muslim, Arabic cultural (and to some degree political) prosperity: when Muslim Arabic culture thrived, so did that of the Jews; when Muslim Arabic culture declined, so did that of the Jews.

In the case of the Jews, however, the cultural capital thus created also served as the seed-bed of further growth elsewhere - in Christian Spain and in the Christian world more generally.

The Islamic world was not the only source of inspiration for the Jewish cultural revival that came later in Christian Europe, but it certainly was a major contributor to that development. Its significance cannot be overestimated.


David J Wasserstein is the Eugene Greener Jr Professor of Jewish Studies at Vanderbilt University. This article is adapted from last week's Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion at the School of Oriental and African Studies.

Source
Reply

Login/Register to hide ads. Scroll down for more posts
truthseeker63
06-09-2014, 07:59 AM
WS I am posting this info to show non Muslims Im not saying all non Muslims say this but some like to link Islam/Muslims to Fascism/Nazism I could understand linking Terrorists that claim to be Muslim to Fascism but some non Muslims will link Islam/Muslims in general to Fascists this is a link Fascist Nations during World War 2 attacked Muslim Nations too killed and put Muslims in camps so please stop making this a black and white issue if thats the right term because you can name a few Muslims that supported Hitler doesn't mean they spoke for all Muslims in fact in Nazi Germany Jews could never become and convert and become Aryans in Hitler's eyes Aryans were Aryans and Jews were Non Aryans and not pure Aryan anyway given that most Muslims are Non White Hitler would not of wanted them in Germany or allowed them to marry Germans also Hitler judged Jews based on their Ancestry their Religion was not important to the Nazi Party Jews were seen as a race by the Nazi laws also Jews can convert to Islam Muslims who have issues with Jews thats not racism thats religion and political a Jew that converts to Islam is a Muslim his Ancestry doesn't matter to a Racist one must have pure Aryan Ancestry anyway please read these links Muslims are not Anti Semitic Muslims can be Anti Jewish but Anti Semitism is hating Jews as a Race please understand the difference Im not debating if Jews are a race or just a religion Im only talking about the Nazi/Fascist/White Supremacist point of view.
The Nuremberg Laws (German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany introduced at the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. After the takeover of power in 1933 by Hitler, Nazism became an official ideology incorporating anti-Semitism as a form of scientific racism. There was a rapid growth in German legislation directed at Jews and other groups, such as the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service which banned "non-Aryans" and political opponents of the Nazis, from the civil service.
The lack of a clear legal method of defining who was Jewish had, however, allowed some Jews to escape some forms of discrimination aimed at them. The enactment of laws identifying who was Jewish made it easier for the Nazis to enforce legislation restricting basic rights of German Jews.
The Nuremberg Laws classified people with four German grandparents as "German or kindred blood", while people were classified as Jews if they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents. A person with one or two Jewish grandparents was a Mischling, a crossbreed, of "mixed blood".[1] The Nuremberg Laws classified as "racially acceptable" people with "German or related blood" [2] These laws deprived Jews and other non-Aryans of German citizenship and prohibited racially mixed sexual relations and marriages between Germans and Jews.[3] On 26 November 1935, the laws were extended to "Gypsies, Negroes or their ------- offspring".[4]HYPERLINK \l "cite_note-Burleigh1991-5"[5]
The Nuremberg Laws also included a ban on sexual relations and marriages between persons classified as "Aryan" and "non-Aryan". They ultimately prevented Jews from participating in German civic life. These laws were both an attempt to return the Jews of 20th-century Germany to the position that Jews had held before their emancipation in the 19th century; although in the 19th century Jews could have evaded restrictions by converting, this was no longer possible.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws
Joseph Cohen aka Yusuf Khattab - a jew converted to Islam
A jew called Joseph Cohen, was living in USA then moved to Gaza in Palestine as a jew settler on the year 1998.. He met an Emarati (from UAE) Muslim Sheikh through the internet and discussed with him religious discussion about many facts, which ended for Cohen to be a Muslim, converted to Islam and changed his name to Yusuf Khattab.
If you want to contact Yusuf Al-Khattab, then visit his Website "Al-Buruj" at http://www.al-buruj.com or http://www.jewstoislam.com
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DabIO_gwRgo
Prophet Muhammad's Last Sermon


Date delivered: 632 A.C., 9th day of Dhul al Hijjah, 10 A.H. in the 'Uranah valley of Mount Arafat.
After praising, and thanking God, he said:
"O People, listen well to my words, for I do not know whether, after this year, I shall ever be amongst you again. Therefore listen to what I am saying to you very carefully and TAKE THESE WORDS TO THOSE WHO COULD NOT BE PRESENT HERE TODAY.


O People, just as you regard this month, this day, this city as Sacred, so regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. Treat others justly so that no one would be unjust to you. Remember that you will indeed meet your LORD, and that HE will indeed reckon your deeds. God has forbidden you to take usury (riba), therefore all riba obligation shall henceforth be waived. Your capital , however, is yours to keep. You will neither inflict nor suffer inequity. God has judged that there shall be no riba and that all the riba due to `Abbas ibn `Abd al Muttalib shall henceforth be waived.


Every right arising out of homicide in pre-Islamic days is henceforth waived and the first such right that I waive is that arising from the murder of Rabi`ah ibn al Harith ibn `Abd al Muttalib.


O Men, the Unbelievers indulge in tampering with the calendar in order to make permissible that which God forbade, and to forbid that which God has made permissible. With God the months are twelve in number. Four of them are sacred, three of these are successive and one occurs singly between the months of Jumada and Sha`ban. Beware of the devil, for the safety of your religion. He has lost all hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him in small things.


O People, it is true that you have certain rights over your women, but they also have rights over you. Remember that you have taken them as your wives only under God's trust and with His permission. If they abide by your right then to them belongs the right to be fed and clothed in kindness. Treat your women well and be kind to them, for they are your partners and committed helpers. It is your right and they do not make friends with anyone of whom you do not approve, as well as never to be unchaste...


O People, listen to me in earnest, worship God (The One Creator of the Universe), perform your five daily prayers (Salah), fast during the month of Ramadan, and give your financial obligation (zakah) of your wealth. Perform Hajj if you can afford to.


All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a white has no superiority over a black nor a black has any superiority over white except by piety and good action.
Learn that every Muslim is a brother to every Muslim and that the Muslims constitute one brotherhood. Nothing shall be legitimate to a Muslim which belongs to a fellow Muslim unless it was given freely and willingly. Do not, therefore, do injustice to yourselves.


http://www.themodernreligion.com/prophet/prophet_lastsermon.htm
There is a huge cry these days by certain groups claiming that the Quran is anti-Semitic, even leading to certain of its translations being banned in various school districts in the United States of America.[1] We read about the definition of anti-Semitism in the Jewish Encyclopedia:
"The term ‘Anti-Semitism’ has its origin in the ethnological theory that the Jews, as Semites, are entirely different from the Aryan, or Indo-European, populations and can never be amalgamated with them. The word implies that the Jews are not opposed on account of their religion, but on account of their racial characteristics."[2]
One will immediately realize from this statement that the Quran is not at all anti-Semitic, and that the verses which do reprimand the Jews are specific to certain transgressions they made in regards to their religion, and not in regard to their racial origin.
http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/310/
(1) Narrated AbuHurayrah: The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) said: Allah, Most High, has removed from you the pride of the pre-Islamic period and its boasting in Ancestors. One is only a pious believer or a miserable sinner. You are sons of Adam, and Adam came from Dust. Let the people cease to boast about their Ancestors. They are merely fuel in Jahannam; or they will certainly be of less account with Allah than the beetle which rolls dung with its nose. (Book #41, Hadith #5097)
http://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=Adam+Dust+Ancestors&trans lator=3&search=1&book=&start=0&records_display=10& search_word=all
One only need look to the Nazis' brutal persecution of the Jews earlier this century or the more recent genocide of the Bosnian Muslims to see how ethno-religious groups can suffer so terribly at the hands of racists. Quite often however, religion is itself responsible for racist oppression.
Middle-Eastern origins aside, Judaism is regarded as a Western religion. But the almost complete assimilation of Jews into all levels of Western society actually betrays Judaism's elitist reality.
'There is no God in all the world but in Israel.'
(2 Kings 5:15)
A pious interpretation of such biblical verses would be to suggest that in those days, God (Allah) was not worshipped except by the Israelites. However, even today Jews still consider themselves as the exclusively chosen race of God.
Conversely, while most Christians are overwhelmingly non-Jews, Jesus as the last of the Israelite Prophets was sent to none but the Jews. In the Bible, he is reported to have said:
'I have not been sent except to the lost sheep of the House of Israel.'
(Matthew 15:24)[1]
And likewise every other prophet was sent exclusively to his own people; every prophet that is, except Muhammad.
Say (O Muhammad): People! I am the Messenger of Allah sent to you all. (Qur'an, 7:158)
As Muhammad was Allah's final Messenger to humanity, his message was a universal one with the capacity to unite not only his own nation, the Arabs, but all the peoples of the world.
http://www.missionislam.com/discover/united_colours_of_islam.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_Patient_(film)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar...g_World_War_II
..
Myth: Muslims Helped the Nazis
From Bernard Lewis to Maurice Pearlman, Israeli history revisionists label Muslims as Nazi supporters based on a lone Jerusalem Mufti's (Haj Amin) acceptance of an invitation by Germany's President; Adolph Hitler.
These are intelligent Jewish scholars, so there can be no other conclusion than that these Zionists are purposely ignoring historical facts such as the Palestine Regiment, a unit in which Jews and Muslims fought side-by-side against Hitler's Nazis.
To ignore such a historic event of unity between Jews and Muslims, who fought one of the world's greatest evils, is in itself an evil act. It is an evil effort in trying to reverse the love Jews and Muslims shared and instead, disgustingly twist it to suggest Muslims did not help Jews during the Nazi invasion.
This history revisionism is the greatest act of anti-Semitism, because both Jews and Arabs are Semitic people, and those who wish to separate them are the true anti-Semites.
It is evil to try to purposely manipulate young Jewish minds into thinking Muslims and Nazis were partners, rather than the truth, that the Jews and Muslims were partners against the Nazis.
Shame on the Zionist manipulators, you use your knowledge to make your lies sound authoritative. In the cemeteries of El-Alamein lie the dead Muslims, the Mohammeds, the Alis and the Ismails who gave their lives so that Nazism could be defeated. The cemeteries of Stalingrad bear the names of the young Central Asian Muslims who lie buried, unable to refute the falsehoods being spread by these false historians.
The souls of the thousands of Muslims from countries and regions as diverse and Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, India, Pakistan, Palestine and other Middle Eastern nations laid down their lives in the Second World War in battles as significant as those of Stalingrad, which broke Hitler's back, and North Africa, which sent Hitler's Desert Fox, General Rommel, scurrying back to his den in Berlin!
Related Links:
Turkey's rescue of over 100,000 European Jews in the Holocaust

Albanian Muslims Protection of the Jews in the Holocaust
Morocco and the Jews

Hitler's Jewish Soldiers: The Untold Story

British Ministry of Defense; Muslims Vs. Hitler's Nazis
Return to Jews for Allah

http://www.jews-for-allah.org/jewish..._the_nazis.htm

17 April 2013 Last updated at 04:52 ET Share this page
Email
Print
{C} Share this page
Share
Facebook
Twitter


The Muslims who saved Jews from the Holocaust

By Tom Bousfield and Catrin Nye BBC Asian Network


'Unique bridge' He said: "One of the main drivers of the project is that there are some small sections in Jewish communities who are trying to rewrite history and say that Muslims overwhelmingly helped the Nazis.
"And on the other side, there is a small section of the Muslim community who do not want to talk about the Holocaust for the sake of not wanting to build up an empathy with Jewish communities.
"That is unacceptable, because factually it's untrue."

http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-22176928

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian...camps_in_Libya

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libya

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Aghe...entration_camp

Mussolini inflicted great suffering, both on his own people and on those in the countries he occupied, in the name of his ideology. He occupied Ethiopia (Abyssinia) in 1935, and 15,000 innocent Muslims were killed towards his dreams of "reviving the Roman Empire." He had no compunction about ordering civilians who tried to fight the occupation to be shot. He was also responsible for terrible atrocities through the use of poison gas against civilians.

http://www.nightmareofdisbelief.com/...origins_07.php

In 1930, under Mussolini’s governor of Libya, Rodolfo Graziani, some 80,000 Libyans were removed to concentration camps, where 55% of the inmates perished. In 1933-1940, Italo Balbo championed aerial warfare as the best means to deal with uppity colonial populations. Between 1912 and 1943, half of all Libyans were killed, starved or chased from the country by the Italian colonial regime.
American pundits speak glibly of "Islamofascism," thus deeply insulting Muslims by tying their religion to a Western political movement. What they do not know is that Libyan Muslims suffered mightily at the hands of the real fascists. The movement of Omar Mukhtar, the school teacher who turned anti-colonialist revolutionary, was repressed by Italian fascism.

http://www.juancole.com/2011/02/qadd...ussolinis.html

The Japanese Empire occupied Indonesia, known then as the Dutch East Indies, during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of the War in 1945. The period was one of the most critical in Indonesian history. Under German occupation, the Netherlands had little ability to defend its colony against the Japanese army, and less than three months after the first attacks on BorneoHYPERLINK "http://www.islamicboard.com/" \l "cite_note-Klemen_Borneo-1"[1] the Japanese navy and army overran Dutch and allied forces. Initially, most Indonesians optimistically and even joyfully welcomed the Japanese as liberators from their Dutch colonial masters. This sentiment changed as Indonesians were expected to endure more hardship for the war effort. In 1944–45, Allied troops largely by-passed Indonesia and did not fight their way into the most populous parts such as Java and Sumatra. As such, most of Indonesia was still under Japanese occupation at the time of their surrender in August 1945.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanes...ch_East_Indies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign
Reply

Abz2000
07-09-2014, 08:56 PM
They gave them the best opportunity for reconcilliation in the ottoman empire when they got chucked out of spain despite all the past plotting against Muslims in spain which they had hijacked via usury.
The Muslims are still generous, They let them keep all rights to the gharqad tree since it is clear their hate for God and tyranny would one day cause the Prophecy to be fulfilled.


Nitraria retusa,
Nitraria tridentata, Salt tree,
Scientific name:*Nitraria retusa*(Forssk.)
AschersonSynonym name:*Nitraria tridentata*Desf.
Common name:*Salt tree, Nitre bush
Hebrew name:*ימלוח פגום
Arabic name:*دقرغ/قدرغ "Gharqad/Ghardaq"
Family:*Zygophyllaceae, זוגניים
Life form:*Phanerophyte shrubStems:*Up to 2m high; young shoots whitish pubescent, spiny at the apices

Leaves:*Alternate, entire, dentate or serrateInflorescence:*A scorpioid cymeFlowers:*Pedicellate, c. 4-5 mm in diameter, White, fragrantFruits / pods:*Drupe hemispherical
Flowering Period:*April, May
Habitat:*Salty habitatsDistribution:*Semi-steppe shrublands, Shrub-steppes, Deserts and extreme deserts
Chorotype:*Saharo-ArabianSummer shedding:*Perenating
Derivation of the botanical name:*Nitraria, Latin nitrum, i "natron, native soda," Greek nitron, soda sources, the plant was first found on the saline plains in Siberia*retusa, with a rounded, slightly notched tip.*tridentata*, three-toothed.The standard author abbreviation*Forssk.*is used to indicate*Peter Forsskål (1732 – 1763), a Swedish explorer, orientalist and naturalist.The standard author abbreviation*Ascherson*is used to indicate*Paul Friedrich August Ascherson (1834 – 1913), a German botanist.The standard author abbreviation*Desf.*is used to indicate*René Louiche Desfontaines (1750 – 1833), a French botanist.Nitraria retusa, Nitraria tridentata, a thorny shrub with fleshy, grayish, obovate, or broadly spathulate leaves, to 20mm long, 1–2 times as long as broad; some leaves retuse, dentate or crenate at apex.

See?
No need for partridges in pear trees when you can have
5 padded vests,
Three rounds of slugs,
One palestinian flag
Three IS flags
and a loudspeaker on a gharqad tree
Reply

Hey there! Looks like you're enjoying the discussion, but you're not signed up for an account.

When you create an account, you can participate in the discussions and share your thoughts. You also get notifications, here and via email, whenever new posts are made. And you can like posts and make new friends.
Sign Up
British Wholesales - Certified Wholesale Linen & Towels | Holiday in the Maldives

IslamicBoard

Experience a richer experience on our mobile app!