The argument that Muhammed (salalau alayhi wa salam) took from the greeks is extremely ridiculous and shows that the ones making it haven't even bothered studying the matter at all but just fell into some mindless assumptions which they follow with no basis.
The Prophet (salalahu alaihi wa salam) was unlettered: he could not read or write and came from a nation of people who themselves could not read or write. The few Arabs that could read did so in Arabic. Arabic translations of greek manuscripts didn't happen in the Arab/Muslim world until much later after the Prophet (salalahu 'alaihi wa salaam) and these ones claim that Muhammed :saws1: was able to get his hands on greek manuscripts from some obscure greek author of whom even most greeks would have been ignorant of with the exception of a few intelligencia amongst them? (Remember, there was no wikipedia at the time). That is beyond far-fetched.
The verse in question says:
"And certainly did We create man from an extract of clay. Then We placed him as a sperm-drop in a firm lodging [i.e., the womb]. Then We made the sperm-drop into a clinging clot, and We made the clot into a lump [of flesh], and We made [from] the lump, bones, and We covered the bones with flesh; then We developed him into another creation. So blessed is Allah, the best of creators." (al-Mumineen: 12-14)
The purpose of the verse is not to prove the scientific sophistication of Muhammed :saws1: but to show the miraculous, amazing power of the One and only Creator, Allah and to prove amongst the innumerable proves provided in the Quran, that such a Lord should be worshipped and worshipped alone. Whether or not human beings knew of this detailed process of creation beforehand is besides the point. The One who causes this miraculous process to occur daily is One whom we should worship, obey, and adore.
With that being said, one certainly has the right to reflect and wonder at how the description laid out here in the Quran so eloquently and clearly could have been made by an unlettered Arab :saws1: so accurately that the description could be used in textbooks today to succinctly describe the process.
"Since the fetus can neither eat nor drink yet, the mother's matter, which in its veins, is its natural nourishment. It was necessary; therefore, that the fetus adheres to the mother, since the seed of the plant must ADHER to the earth ".
"In the case of a woman who discharges an item similar to fish or to grasshoppers, repugnant creatures, or CREEPING animals, if there is blood that emerges with them, the woman is impure with the impurity of a menstruating woman. And if not, she is pure.[Niddah 21B]
In both examples that you gave, there is only a description of one snapshot in the process. The process as a whole isn't elucidated. It's much different with the Quran, isn't it?
Brother don't waste your time with doubters and fools who have no sincerity in seeking the truth, who didn't bother to do some basic fact-checking of their own baseless assumptions before putting forth these kind of arguments. These people are only there to try and cast doubts in our hearts. Doubts that have no basis. Busy yourself with beneficial knowledge of Quran, Sunnah, and Sirah while reflecting deeply upon those so that you can come to the truth yourself and the truth can settle deeply into your heart. These kind of endless doubts that these ones had to overlook so many clear evidences and proofs in order to find cause our hearts to be unsettled and it's harder for us to reach deeper correct conclusions regarding our own beliefs. The Prophet :saws1: said:
“Leave what makes you doubt for what does not make you doubt. Verily, truth brings peace of mind and falsehood sows doubt.” (Tirmidhi)
The truth brings peace and tranquillity to our hearts while falsehood fills our hearts with doubts, anxiety and ruins our peace of mind.