Food and drink and ordinary nursing care are not to be withheld as long as the patient lives (is breathing).
Human Life
The sanctity of human life is a basic value as decreed by God even before the
times of Moses, Jesus and Mohammad. Commenting on the killing of Abel by his
brother Caine (the two sons of Adam), God says in the Quran: "On that account
We ordained for the children of Israel that if anyone slay a person -unless
it be for murder or spreading mischief in the land- it would be as if he slew
the whole people. And if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the
life of the whole people" (Quran 5:32). The Quran also says: "Take not life
which Allah made sacred otherwise than in the course of justice" (Quran
6:151 and 17:33). The Shari'a went into great detail in defining the
conditions where taking life is permissible whether in war or in peace (as an
item of the criminal law), with rigorous prerequisites and precautions to
minimize that event.
Is there a Right to Suicide?
Not in Islam. Since we did not create ourselves we do not own our bodies. We
are entrusted with them for care, nurture and safe keeping. God is the owner
and giver of life and His rights in giving and in taking are not to be
violated. Attempting to kill oneself is a crime in Islam as well as a grave
sin. The Quran says: "Do not kill (or destroy) yourselves, for verily Allah
has been to you most Merciful" (Quran 4:29). To warn against suicide Prophet
Mohammad said: "Whoever kills himself with an iron instrument will be
carrying it forever in hell. Whoever takes poison and kills himself will
forever keep sipping that poison in hell. Whoever jumps off a mountain and
kills himself will forever keep falling down in the depths of hell."
Euthanasia - Mercy Killing
The Shari'a listed and specified the indications for taking life (ie. the
exceptions to the general rule of sanctity of human life), and they do not
include mercy killing or make allowance for it. Human life per se is a value
to be respected unconditionally, irrespective of other circumstances. The
concept of a life not worthy of living does not exist in Islam.
Justification of taking life to escape suffering is not acceptable in Islam.
Prophet Mohammad taught: "There was a man in older times who had an
infliction that taxed his patience, so he took a knife, cut his wrist and
bled to death. Upon this God said: My subject hastened his end, I deny him
paradise." During one of the military campaigns one of the Muslims was killed
and the companions of the prophet kept praising his gallantry and efficiency
in fighting, but, to their surprise, the Prophet commented, "His lot is
hell." Upon inquiry, the companions found out that the man had been seriously
injured so he supported the handle of his sword on the ground and plunged his
chest onto its tip, committing suicide. The Islamic Code of Medical Ethics
endorsed by the First International Conference on Islamic Medicine (Islamic
Organization of Medical Sciences, Kuwait, 1981, p.65) includes: "Mercy
killing, like suicide, finds no support except in the atheistic way of
thinking that believes that our life on this earth is followed by void. The
claim of killing for painful hopeless illness is also refuted, for there is
no human pain that cannot be largely conquered by medication or by suitable
neurosurgery...".
There is still another dimension to the question of pain and suffering.
Patience and endurance are highly regarded and highly rewarded values in
Islam. "Those who patiently preserve will truly receive a reward without
measure" (Quran 39:10). "And bear in patience whatever (ill) may befall you:
this, behold, is something to set one's heart upon" (Quran 31:17). Prophet
Mohammad taught "When the believer is afflicted with pain, even that of a
prick of a thorn or more, God forgives his sins, and his wrongdoings are
discarded as a tree sheds off its leaves." When means of preventing or
alleviating pain fall short, this spiritual dimension can be very effectively
called upon to support the patient who believes that accepting and standing
unavoidable pain will be to his/her credit in the hereafter, the real and
enduring life. To a person who does not believe in a hereafter this might
sound like nonsense, but to one who does, euthanasia is certainly nonsense.
The Financial Factor
There is no disagreement that the financial cost of maintaining the incurably
ill and the senile is a growing concern, so much so that some groups have
gone beyond the concept of the "right to die" to that of the "duty to die".
They claim that when the human machine has outlived its productive span its
maintenance is an unacceptable burden on the productive stratum of society,
and it should be disposed of, and rather abruptly than allowing it to
deteriorate gradually (Jacques Atalli: La medicine en accusation - in Michel
Solomon 'L' avenir de la vie', Coll. Les visages de L'avenir. Ed. Seghers,
Paris, 1981, p. 273-275). This logic is completely alien to Islam. Values
take priority over prices. The care for the weak, old and helpless is a value
in itself for which people are willing to sacrifice time, effort and money,
and this starts, naturally with one's own parents "Your Lord decreed that you
worship none but Him, and that you be kind to your parents. Whether one or
both of them attain old age in your life, say not to them a word of contempt
but address them in terms of honor. And lower to them the wing of humility
out of compassion, and say: my Lord, bestow on them Your mercy even as they
cherished me in childhood" (Quran 17:25- 25). Because such caring is a virtue
ordained and rewarded by God in this world and in the hereafter, the
believers don't take it as a debit but as an investment. In a materialistic
dollar- centric community this logic is meaningless, but not so in the
value-oriented God heeding community of the faithful.
When individual means cannot cover the needed care, it becomes, according to
Islam, the collective responsibility of society, and financial priorities are
reshuffled so that values take priority over pleasures, and people derive
more pleasure from heeding values than from pursuing other pleasantries. A
prerequisite of course is a complete moral and spiritual re-orientation of a
society that does not hold to these premises.
Clinical Situations
In an Islamic setting the question of euthanasia usually does not arise, and
if it does, it is dismissed as religiously unlawful. The patient should
receive every possible psychological support and compassion from family and
friends, including the patient's spiritual (religious) resources. The doctor
also participates in this, as well, and provides the therapeutic measures for
the relief of pain. A dilemma arises when the dose of the pain killer
necessary to alleviate pain approximates or overlaps with the lethal dose
that might bring about the patient's death. Ingenuity on the part of the
doctor is called upon to avoid this situation, but from a religious point of
view the critical issue is the doctor's intention: is it to kill or to
alleviate? Intention is beyond verification by the law but according to Islam
it cannot escape he ever watchful eye of God Who according to the Quran
"knows the treachery of the eyes, and all that hearts conceal" (Quran 40:19).
Sins that do not fulfil the criteria of a legal crime are beyond the domain
of the judge but remain answerable to God.
The Islamic Code of Medical Ethics (1981 p.67), states: "In his/her defense
of life, however, the Doctor is well advised to realize his limit and not
transgress it. If it is scientifically certain that life cannot be restored,
then it is futile to diligently keep the patient in a vegetative state by
heroic means or to preserve the patient by deep freezing or other artificial
methods. It is the process of life that the doctor aims to maintain and not
the process of dying. In any case, the doctor shall not take a positive
measure to terminate the patient's life".
The
seeking of medical treatment from illness is mandatory in Islam,
according to two sayings of the prophet: "Seek treatment, subjects of God,
for to every illness God has made a cure", and "Your body has a right on
you."
But when the treatment holds no promise it ceases to be mandatory. This
applies both to surgical and/or pharmaceutical measures, and, according to a
majority of scholars, to artificial animation equipment. Ordinary life needs
which are the right of every living person and which are not categorized as
"treatment" are regarded differently.
These include food and drink and ordinary nursing care, and they are not to be withheld
as long as the patient lives (is breathing).
-Author unknown