asalamu alaikum
i recommend this thread goes to the "sect n division" forum as it has to deal with this topic.
here is a brief outline for you
of course as you know you stated the above three, i will highlight the first ones being more severe in their path and then as i go down the "deviation" gets lighter at least according to scholars of islam.
My method will bring each group and contrast that with the "orthodoxy". So therefore I will have tohighlight orthodoxy first
sunni islam =basing its understanding to the book and sunnah according to what the understaning of the first three generations of Muslims. they constitute as "ahlu-sunnah wal-jama'aah (people of the sunnah and the gathering of muslims) and hey are the ahlul-hadeeth (people of hadeeth), the firqatu-najiyyah (the saved sect) and some are described as the ta'ifatul-mansoorah (the victorious group).
To this extent Imaam Ahmad Bin Hanbal who is called the imaam of Ahlu-sunnah said to all of he muslims in his "Sunnah" that
"the Sunnah with us is whatever the companions were upon".
What that essentially means is whoever beleives that they are following quraan and sunnah and actually opposes what the companions were upon, they are falsely ascribing to the quraan and the sunnah and what they are upon cannot be called "sunnah" and nor can they be described as "sunnis" following the orthodox way. So basically the quraan and Sunnah can only be deemed as the Quran and Sunnah if such a person is looking at these two sources in the mode that the companions and their students have understood these two sources.
with that being said here is the list and what poins they erred
1. the Rawafidha (commonly known as the shi'a in our time). they have many subsects which conclude, but is not limited to, the following subsects
jafariyyah, batiniyyah, druze, nusayris, agha khaniyyah, ithna ash'ariyyah 9twelvers), isma'eeliyyah.
While each subsect may differ in even core aspects of creed, the main compositionwhere they left the "sunni" orthodox group as mentioned above are the following
a. the revilement of all of the companions of the prophet and to the extent of eclaring them disbeleivers. In sunni islam declaring them disbeleivers entails the one doing so becoming a disbeleiver himself
b. that the quraan that we have is not completed and distorted by us sunnis, In sunni islam whoever beleives that there is even a letter mising from the quraan that we has by default left the fold of islam becoming one of he disbeleivers
c. the beleif that their Imaams have more knowledge than he prophets and messengers and the angels. Again in Sunni islam whoever adopts such a beleif exist the fold of islam disbeleiving in the Lord of the muslims and in fact all of creation.
d. their beleif that their Imaams know the unseen (ghayb). In sunni islam whoever beleives that anyone from he creation has this attribute has also left the fold of islam, not counted as one of the muslims and is among the camps of the disbeleivers.
e. their worship of the companion Ali radhiyallau anhu. in Islam whoever worships anything along with Allah is a mushrik (a pagan) and he thus leaves the fold of Islam)
there is a myriad of other things that denote the creed of he shi'a but these are just the main primal aspects of their creed in opposition to he muhammadan islamic creed that was brought by he noble prophet Muhammad salallahu alaihi wa sallam.
The original starter of the shi'a was originally a munafiq of islam (meaning he was not really a muslim but a hypocrite pretending to be muslim so as to deceive muslims by taking them away from their rightful beleif) by teh nam of Abdullah as-saba who in the later part of his life turned back to his former faith, a jew.
2. Ahmadiyyah aka qadiyanis. This group beleives tyhat there can be prophets after the prophet Muhammad salallahu alaihi wa sallam. In sunni islam there is no prophet after the prophet since the quran sealed the line of prophets and messenger and in fact the prophet said 'there is no prophet after me. Thus whoever disbeleives in the wording of the quran or the hadeeeths proven to be authentic has also left the fold of islam becoming one of the disbeleivers. The starter of tis sect was Ghulam Ahmad
3. the Quraaniyoon (supposedly they are calld this name). They are calld this name because they only accept the quraan and do not accept the second part of the revelation that the quraan came with, the sunnah as is laid down in the hadeeth literature. In sunni islam the revelation that was sent down byallah as stated implicitly by lalah is the quraan AND the sunnah (as is recorded in he hadeeth literature) and the sunnah also testifies explicitly that the sunnah of he prophet is from Allah and is a form of revelation. In sunni islam whoever disbeleives in one aspect o the revelation disbeleives in the full revelation as well. They disbeleive in the quraan. Again, if you remember what i said in he definition of "sunni" islam, that the revelation must be understood according to what he companions understood the quraan. Therefore, if the companions did understand that the sunnah of the prophet is intended in the words of allah in the quraan, then when these people claim that "the sunnah is not intended" then they infact are denying quraan norecan they be regarded as beleivers in the quraan which is why it is fallacious to call them quraaniyoon. Nevertheless they are named with this name.
I forget who is the first one to formulate this sect, but it started just as recently as a century ago wallahu alim
4. Nation of islam
again deniers of the sunnah of the prophet and as well beleibvers that fard Muhammd was Allah Himself and that Elijah Muhammad was his slave and messenger.
of course it is simply understood in sunni islam that whoever beleives that anything from the creation is Gid himself is a disbeleiver and nota muslim and whoever beleives that there is a messenger or prophet after muhammad is likewise a disbeleiver.
5. 5 percenter cult. this groupdoes not beleive in the literal reality of the day of judgement or the hereafter. Everything to them is metaphorical. Thus whoever disbeleives that there is no akhira or he last day is a disbeleiver in allah. Likweise they call each other "god". They do not beleive that here is a real God but that man himself is the God and they are the ones to recognize that. And of course whoever claims to be god is the biggest disbeleiver in all of the creation
6. The khawarij. The first group to appaer in islam within islam (and some say they are out the fold of islam) during the same time that the shi'a emerged is the
khawarij.
there basic tenents is
a. to declare muslims to be disbeleivers on account of sins
b. declaring to be kufr (disbeleif) of what is actually not kufr
c. beleiving in revolting against the muslim rulers
there main attribute that all muslims describe them as is nothing but sowers of dissension and discord i.e. what is commonly known today as terrorism
there are many subsects among the khawarij as is recorded in the heresiological works of the msulims lik the hurooriyyah, the ibaadhiyyah and others. They names like 15 subsects. One of them is the wahhabiyyah of Abdul-Wahhab Rustam from 190 hijrah. This is not applicable to Muhamamd ibn Abdul-Wahhab who came 11 hundred years later as some have mistaken to be.
7. al-Falasifiyoon (the philosophers). many of the shia became the philosophers. also some who claimed to be sunni. their main tenents
a. their denial of the reality of the day of judgement, the denial of the paradise and hell. there reasoning. That stuff does not exist. That was only language that the messengers came with for the commoners (to them everyone was ignorant of reality and they were the masters thereof). As for the elite (as they claim) then we, the elite, are not simple minded to beleive in these beleifs literally. this beleif according to sunni islam necessitates apostacy from the religion of islam just like the other sects mentioned save the khawarij.
b. their denial of the sunnah. again denialment of the sunah as recorded in the hadeeths equals apostacy in islam
c.
they looked everything that was stated in the quraan metaphorically. They were the first to describe Allah with the Attributes of nothingness, thus becoming the firts group in islam wth a negative theology claiming that Allah literally does not move, have hands, did not rise over the throne, is not merciful, idoes not See, does not Hear, etc etc etc. To them anyone who beleived whatever the quraan stated was a mujassim (an anthropomorphist) and a mushabih (one who likens God to the creation)
this beleif itself also entails apostacy from Islam thus they were deemed disbeleiving heretics according to the sunnisscholars of islam
8. the jahmiyyah
the founder of this beleif is jad bin dirham and his student made it famous, jham ibn Safwan, thus being known as jahmiyyah.
there beleif is almost like the philosophers. they declared everything regarding the Attributes of Allah, if it is beleived in the way Allah worded it in he quraan, is tajseem (anthropomorphism) so therefore they understood them metaphorically and denied every Attribute that Allah said he has.
They are the ahlul-kalam. Kalaam means in this context theological rhetoric, philosophizing on creedal aspects of the religion, mainly, God, according to sunni islam God cannot be philosophized. He is to be beleived in according to the apparent meaning of what he Himself described Himself as and whatever the messenger decribedHim as and whatever the companions explained in that regard along with their students and their students.
therefore the people of kalaam or theological rhetoric speak about Allah of that whcih they have no knowledge of. they are speculative theologians.
another aspect of their beleif is irj'aa. Irj'a in the islamic concept is to beleive that faith is only what resides in the heart and what is said by the tongue. It does not include actions of the limbs. Where as sunni islam, actuions of he limbs are also a part of faith. With the jahmiyyah, they went to the greatest extreme with ijr'aa. they claimed that faith is inherent in anyone as long as they are not ignorant of God. According to that definition, then the christians, jews, hindus, and every disbeleiving group on the planet, even the atheists were beleivers in God just because they 'recognized' His existence and were not ignorant of Him.
They also are defined by the beleif that the quraan is in fact created and that Allah does not speak.
this group is deemed as disbeleivers according to the msulim orthodoxy
9. The mutazilah. They are also like the jahmiyyah. They took the Attributes of allah in a metaphorical way so as to deny the Attributes of Allah. they are also deemed disbeleivers by most o the muslim orthodoxy. They are also deemd as ahlul-kalaam
they also beleive that the quraan i created like all the ahlul-kalaam. And sccording to sunni islam whoever beleives that the quraan is created is a jahmi, an apostate
10. the murjia. they beleive in irj'aa. they beleive that faith only consist of speech and the heart. they do not include actions. They also do not beleive that faith increases or decreases. So to them the worst muslim sinner who is drunk and at a brothel has the same level of God fearing faith as the greatest muslim after the prophet, Abu Bakr, or Umar.
there are different levels of irj'aa the most extreme of them is the one held by the jahmiyyah. so according to whatever level, it can exit one from he fold of islam or not, it depends on the level of deviance that a person beleive in.
11. the maturidiyyah. they also hold the beleif of irj'aa as well, but not as major as other sects. They also interpret the attribute metaphirically so as to deny the attributes. they are also counted as ahlul-kalaam
12. the qadariyyah. they are those who denied Allah's qadr (His divine preordainment), they beleived that Allah has no knowledge of who is the sinner and who is not except and only after the action is committed. The mutazilah are mostly those who beleive in this beleif, and other peoples as well.
so they in effect view that lalah is ignorant of the actions o the creation up until the action is performed. This beleif itself necessitates apostacy for whoever beleives it. They are the opponenets to he jabariyyah
13. the jabariyyah, and most of them are the jahmiyyah, and whoever follows the creed of the jabariyyah. there beleif is that they hold that the actions have been forced by Alah to the servant i.e. that every person is compelled to do what they do, thus disbeliving that they have a choice that Allah granted them that choice. This beleif also necessitates that such a person apostates from the religion sicne this is the same arguement that was used by the polytheists of old who would argue that Allah made them or forced them to be polytheists.
15. wadeeiyyah. they beleive in wa'eed. they are like qadariyyah, and that whoever dies without repentence will be in hellfire forever.
16. the karramiyyah. They are like he mujassimah and mushabiha. its founder is Abdullah Muhammad Bin Karram as-Sijistani. They are divided into 12 subsects
17. the kullabiyyah. its founder is Abu Muhamamd Abdullah Ibn al-Kullaab, who wasa mutakalim, a person owho debated according to the principles of theological kalam. He agreed with the mutazila in many omatters of the attributes. They are deemed as ahlul-kalaam
18. the ashaa'irah i.e. the ash'aris. they too likewise deny the Attributes of allah just like their predecessors the jahmiya and mutazilah. they also are in agreemenet with the mutazilah that the quraan is created. they also deviated in that they hold that Allah's speech is not liike the way the sunnis beleive. they beleive in kalaam nafsi. That means that Allah is eternally speaking within Himself non stop i.e. that he is basically yapping to Himself forever and ever and that he cannot speak at any specific point in time. This reasoning is just like the reasoning of the jahmiyyah who also denied that allah can speak and therefore disbeleived in the verse of allah "takallamullahu Musa takleeman" "Indeed Allah spoke to Musa"
of all the ahlul-kalaam groups of old as mentioned above like the jahmiyyah, mutazilah, philosophers, qadariyyah, jabariyyah, these ash'aris, along with the maturidis are the only two that are existant today in the ummah. Most of these heretical sects have dies out of existence due to their falsehood being perceived and vanquished by the revivers and fighters for the orthodox creed. the only remaining two left are the ash'aairah and the maturidiyyah, and soon by the qadr of Allah they to will die out.
19. the ahlul-tassauf i.e. the sufis
the creed of he sufis is mixed with different classes among them, some orthodox, some not. in the original sense fo the word, it is a science thast deals with getting closer to God tehreby reaching or attaining the perfection of ihsaan. according to this definition every sunni is in fact a sufi. however. this group in modern times have taken on board beleifs an actions that oppose the sunni creed. that being
a. the beleif that making tawassul (seeking closeness to God) to the inhabitants of the graves (i.e. intermediation) by making du'a (supplication) to them will grant them closeness to allah.This was the mark of the age of grave worship later on in the 3rd and 4th islamic centuries whereby they would decorate the graves and build momuments of them were as the sunni creed is to level them as the way the prophet and his companions performed.
b. singing and dancing which was prohibited in isalm especially for men
c. going into spritual intoxications whereby one seeks Allah himself. The resultant effects of this action is none other than leading them to say that they became one with God. And that they have reached the level of m'arifa, and therefore they do not have to pray. well this is only with some subsects among them.