Assalaamu Alaykum
Here are some of the notes from Yasir Qadhi's session on the sciences of Hadeeth:
1. Prophets are Infallible:
O Messenger, announce that which has been revealed to you from your Lord, and if you do not, then you have not conveyed His message. And Allah will protect you from the people. Indeed, Allah does not guide the disbelieving people.
[al-Ma'idah (5):67]
And if Muْammad had made up about Us some [false] sayings,
We would have seized him by the right hand;
Then We would have cut from him the aorta.
[al-Haaqah (69):44-46]
2. The intent of sending the messengers was for mankind to follow them
And We did not send any messenger except to be obeyed by permission of Allah. And if, when they wronged themselves, they had come to you, [O Muْammad], and asked forgiveness of Allah and the Messenger had asked forgiveness for them, they would have found Allah Accepting of repentance and Merciful.
[an-Nisa (4):64]
3. Actions of the Sahabah: If they obeyed, Allah was quiet, but if they disobeyed, Allah revealed something:
a) Allah was quiet:
Abu Sa'eed reported that once the prophet removed his shoes during prayer. The companions did the same. Afterwards, the prophet turned around and asked his companions why they did so. The companions replied that they saw the prophet doing so and they did the same. The prophet then replied, "Jibreel came to me during salaah and informed me of some najis substance that was on my shoes, thus I removed them..."
Narrated in Ahmad, Abu Dawood, Hakim, ibn Hibban and ibn Khuzaymah
b) Allah revealed something:
Disobedience during the battle of Uhud:
And Allah had certainly fulfilled His promise to you when you were killing the enemy by His permission until [the time] when you lost courage and fell to disputing about the order [given by the Prophet] and disobeyed after He had shown you that which you love. Among you are some who desire this world, and among you are some who desire the Hereafter. Then he turned you back from them [defeated] that He might test you. And He has already forgiven you, and Allah is the possessor of bounty for the believers.
[Remember] when you [fled and] climbed [the mountain] without looking aside at anyone while the Messenger was calling you from behind. So Allah repaid you with distress upon distress so you would not grieve for that which had escaped you [of victory and spoils of war] or [for] that which had befallen you [of injury and death]. And Allah is [fully] Acquainted with what you do.\
[ali-Imraan (3):152-153
4. Verses in the Qur'an that order us to follow the sunnah:
a) Belief in the prophet
Say, [O Muْammad], "O mankind, indeed I am the Messenger of Allah to you all, [from Him] to whom belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth. There is no deity except Him; He gives life and causes death." So believe in Allah and His Messenger, the unlettered prophet, who believes in Allah and His words, and follow him that you may be guided.
[al-A'raaf (7):158]
b) Prophet is the explainer of the Qur'an:
[We sent them] with clear proofs and written ordinances. And We revealed to you the message that you may make clear to the people what was sent down to them and that they might give thought.
[an-Nahl (16):44]
c) Allah revealed something other than the Qur'an:
And when you divorce women and they have [nearly] fulfilled their term, either retain them according to acceptable terms or release them according to acceptable terms, and do not keep them, intending harm, to transgress [against them]. And whoever does that has certainly wronged himself. And do not take the verses of Allah in jest. And remember the favor of Allah upon you and what has been revealed to you of the Book and wisdom by which He instructs you. And fear Allah and know that Allah is Knowing of all things.
[al-Baqarah (2):231]
d) Explicitly stated:
He who obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allah ; but those who turn away - We have not sent you over them as a guardian.
[an-Nisa (4):80]
e) Obedience to the prophet is a sign of loving Allah:
Say, [O Muْammad], "If you should love Allah , then follow me, [so] Allah will love you and forgive you your sins. And Allah is Forgiving and Merciful."
[ali-Imraan (3):31]
These are most of the proofs he went over, and he mentioned that these are just a few of thousands of proofs you can use from the Qur'an.
And Allah knows best.
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