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Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

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    Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

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    Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science


    The concept that the sciences are exclusively the products of Western minds remains unquestioned by most individuals. A review of any of the standard texts or encyclopedias regarding the history of science would support this view. As these books are perused, it becomes evident that the only contributors given significant mention are Europeans and/or Americans. It is hardly necessary to repeat the oft-mentioned names: Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Bacon, Newton, Da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, etc. The unavoidable conclusion is that major contributions to the development of the modern sciences by other cultures is minimal. Most texts give little or no mention of the advancements made by ancient Indian, Chinese or, particularly, Muslim scholars.

    Western civilization has made invaluable contributions to the development of the sciences. However, so have numerous other cultures. Unfortunately, Westerners have long been credited with discoveries made many centuries before by Islamic scholars. Thus, many of the basic sciences were invented by non-Europeans. For instance, George Sarton states that modern Western medicine did not originate from Europe and that it actually arose from the (Islamic) orient.

    The data in this section concerning dates, names and topics of Western advances has been derived from three main sources: World Book Encyclopedia, Encyclopaedia Britannica and Isaac Asimov's 700 page book, Chronology of Science and Discovery. Supportive data for the accomplishments of Islamic scholars is derived from the miscellaneous references listed in the bibliography of this book.



    What is Taught:
    The first mention of man in flight was by Roger Bacon, who drew a flying apparatus. Leonardo da Vinci also conceived of airborne transport and drew several prototypes.


    What Should be Taught:
    Ibn Firnas of Islamic Spain invented, constructed and tested a flying machine in the 800's A.D. Roger Bacon learned of flying machines from Arabic references to Ibn Firnas' machine. The latter's invention antedates Bacon by 500 years and Da Vinci by some 700 years.


    What is Taught:
    Glass mirrors were first produced in 1291 in Venice.


    What Should be Taught: Glass mirrors were in use in Islamic Spain as early as the 11th century. The Venetians learned of the art of fine glass production from Syrian artisans during the 9th and 10th centuries.


    What is Taught:
    Until the 14th century, the only type of clock available was the water clock. In 1335, a large mechanical clock was erected in Milan, Italy. This was possibly the first weight-driven clock.


    What Should be Taught:
    A variety of mechanical clocks were produced by Spanish Muslim engineers, both large and small, and this knowledge was transmitted to Europe through Latin translations of Islamic books on mechanics. These clocks were weight-driven. Designs and illustrations of epi-cyclic and segmental gears were provided. One such clock included a mercury escapement. The latter type was directly copied by Europeans during the 15th century. In addition, during the 9th century, Ibn Firnas of Islamic Spain, according to Will Durant, invented a watch-like device which kept accurate time. The Muslims also constructed a variety of highly accurate astronomical clocks for use in their observatories.


    What is Taught: In the 17th century, the pendulum was developed by Galileo during his teenage years. He noticed a chandelier swaying as it was being blown by the wind. As a result, he went home and invented the pendulum.


    What Should be Taught: The pendulum was discovered by Ibn Yunus al-Masri during the 10th century, who was the first to study and document its oscillatory motion. Its value for use in clocks was introduced by Muslim physicists during the 15th century.


    What is Taught: Movable type and the printing press was invented in the West by Johannes Gutenberg of Germany during the 15th century.

    What Should be Taught: In 1454, Gutenberg developed the most sophisticated printing press of the Middle Ages. However, movable brass type was in use in Islamic Spain 100 years prior, and that is where the West's first printing devices were made.


    What is Taught: Isaac Newton's 17th century study of lenses, light and prisms forms the foundation of the modern science of optics.


    What Should be Taught:
    In the 1lth century al-Haytham determined virtually everything that Newton advanced regarding optics centuries prior and is regarded by numerous authorities as the "founder of optics. " There is little doubt that Newton was influenced by him. Al-Haytham was the most quoted physicist of the Middle Ages. His works were utilized and quoted by a greater number of European scholars during the 16th and 17th centuries than those of Newton and Galileo combined.


    What is Taught: Isaac Newton, during the 17th century, discovered that white light consists of various rays of colored light.


    What Should be Taught:
    This discovery was made in its entirety by al-Haytham (1lth century) and Kamal ad-Din (14th century). Newton did make original discoveries, but this was not one of them.


    What is Taught: The concept of the finite nature of matter was first introduced by Antione Lavoisier during the 18th century. He discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same. Thus, for instance, if water is heated to steam, if salt is dissolved in water or if a piece of wood is burned to ashes, the total mass remains unchanged.


    What Should be Taught:
    The principles of this discovery were elaborated centuries before by Islamic Persia's great scholar, al-Biruni (d. 1050). Lavoisier was a disciple of the Muslim chemists and physicists and referred to their books frequently.


    What is Taught: The Greeks were the developers of trigonometry.


    What Should be Taught: Trigonometry remained largely a theoretical science among the Greeks. It was developed to a level of modern perfection by Muslim scholars, although the weight of the credit must be given to al-Battani. The words describing the basic functions of this science, sine, cosine and tangent, are all derived from Arabic terms. Thus, original contributions by the Greeks in trigonometry were minimal.

    What is Taught: The use of decimal fractions in mathematics was first developed by a Dutchman, Simon Stevin, in 1589. He helped advance the mathematical sciences by replacing the cumbersome fractions, for instance, 1/2, with decimal fractions, for example, 0.5.


    What Should be Taught: Muslim mathematicians were the first to utilize decimals instead of fractions on a large scale. Al-Kashi's book, Key to Arithmetic, was written at the beginning of the 15th century and was the stimulus for the systematic application of decimals to whole numbers and fractions thereof. It is highly probably that Stevin imported the idea to Europe from al-Kashi's work.


    What is Taught: The first man to utilize algebraic symbols was the French mathematician, Francois Vieta. In 1591, he wrote an algebra book describing equations with letters such as the now familiar x and y's. Asimov says that this discovery had an impact similar to the progression from Roman numerals to Arabic numbers.


    What Should be Taught: Muslim mathematicians, the inventors of algebra, introduced the concept of using letters for unknown variables in equations as early as the 9th century A.D. Through this system, they solved a variety of complex equations, including quadratic and cubic equations. They used symbols to develop and perfect the binomial theorem.


    What is Taught: The difficult cubic equations (x to the third power) remained unsolved until the 16th century when Niccolo Tartaglia, an Italian mathematician, solved them.


    What Should be Taught: Cubic equations as well as numerous equations of even higher degrees were solved with ease by Muslim mathematicians as early as the 10th century.


    What is Taught:
    The concept that numbers could be less than zero, that is negative numbers, was unknown until 1545 when Geronimo Cardano introduced the idea.


    What Should he Taught: Muslim mathematicians introduced negative numbers for use in a variety of arithmetic functions at least 400 years prior to Cardano.


    What is Taught: In 1614, John Napier invented logarithms and logarithmic tables.


    What Should be Taught:
    Muslim mathematicians invented logarithms and produced logarithmic tables several centuries prior. Such tables were common in the Islamic world as early as the 13th century.


    What is Taught: During the 17th century Rene Descartes made the discovery that algebra could be used to solve geometrical problems. By this, he greatly advanced the science of geometry.


    What Should be Taught:
    Mathematicians of the Islamic Empire accomplished precisely this as early as the 9th century A.D. Thabit bin Qurrah was the first to do so, and he was followed by Abu'l Wafa, whose 10th century book utilized algebra to advance geometry into an exact and simplified science.


    What is Taught:
    Isaac Newton, during the 17th century, developed the binomial theorem, which is a crucial component for the study of algebra.


    What Should be Taught: Hundreds of Muslim mathematicians utilized and perfected the binomial theorem. They initiated its use for the systematic solution of algebraic problems during the 10th century (or prior).


    What is Taught: No improvement had been made in the astronomy of the ancients during the Middle Ages regarding the motion of planets until the 13th century. Then Alphonso the Wise of Castile (Middle Spain) invented the Aphonsine Tables, which were more accurate than Ptolemy's.


    What Should be Taught: Muslim astronomers made numerous improvements upon Ptolemy's findings as early as the 9th century. They were the first astronomers to dispute his archaic ideas. In their critic of the Greeks, they synthesized proof that the sun is the center of the solar system and that the orbits of the earth and other planets might be elliptical. They produced hundreds of highly accurate astronomical tables and star charts. Many of their calculations are so precise that they are regarded as contemporary. The AlphonsineTables are little more than copies of works on astronomy transmitted to Europe via Islamic Spain, i.e. the Toledo Tables.


    What is Taught: The English scholar Roger Bacon (d. 1292) first mentioned glass lenses for improving vision. At nearly the same time, eyeglasses could be found in use both in China and Europe.


    What Should be Taught: Ibn Firnas of Islamic Spain invented eyeglasses during the 9th century, and they were manufactured and sold throughout Spain for over two centuries. Any mention of eyeglasses by Roger Bacon was simply a regurgitation of the work of al-Haytham (d. 1039), whose research Bacon frequently referred to.


    What is Taught: Gunpowder was developed in the Western world as a result of Roger Bacon's work in 1242. The first usage of gunpowder in weapons was when the Chinese fired it from bamboo shoots in attempt to frighten Mongol conquerors. They produced it by adding sulfur and charcoal to saltpeter.


    What Should be Taught: The Chinese developed saltpeter for use in fireworks and knew of no tactical military use for gunpowder, nor did they invent its formula. Research by Reinuad and Fave have clearly shown that gunpowder was formulated initially by Muslim chemists. Further, these historians claim that the Muslims developed the first fire-arms. Notably, Muslim armies used grenades and other weapons in their defence of Algericus against the Franks during the 14th century. Jean Mathes indicates that the Muslim rulers had stock-piles of grenades, rifles, crude cannons, incendiary devices, sulfur bombs and pistols decades before such devices were used in Europe. The first mention of a cannon was in an Arabic text around 1300 A.D. Roger Bacon learned of the formula for gunpowder from Latin translations of Arabic books. He brought forth nothing original in this regard.


    What is Taught: The compass was invented by the Chinese who may have been the first to use it for navigational purposes sometime between 1000 and 1100 A.D. The earliest reference to its use in navigation was by the Englishman, Alexander Neckam (1157-1217).


    What Should be Taught:
    Muslim geographers and navigators learned of the magnetic needle, possibly from the Chinese, and were the first to use magnetic needles in navigation. They invented the compass and passed the knowledge of its use in navigation to the West. European navigators relied on Muslim pilots and their instruments when exploring unknown territories. Gustav Le Bon claims that the magnetic needle and compass were entirely invented by the Muslims and that the Chinese had little to do with it. Neckam, as well as the Chinese, probably learned of it from Muslim traders. It is noteworthy that the Chinese improved their navigational expertise after they began interacting with the Muslims during the 8th century.

    What is Taught: The first man to classify the races was the German Johann F. Blumenbach, who divided mankind into white, yellow, brown, black and red peoples.


    What Should be Taught: Muslim scholars of the 9th through 14th centuries invented the science of ethnography. A number of Muslim geographers classified the races, writing detailed explanations of their unique cultural habits and physical appearances. They wrote thousands of pages on this subject. Blumenbach's works were insignificant in comparison.


    What is Taught: The science of geography was revived during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries when the ancient works of Ptolemy were discovered. The Crusades and the Portuguese/Spanish expeditions also contributed to this reawakening. The first scientifically-based treatise on geography were produced during this period by Europe's scholars.


    What Should be Taught: Muslim geographers produced untold volumes of books on the geography of Africa, Asia, India, China and the Indies during the 8th through 15th centuries. These writings included the world's first geographical encyclopedias, almanacs and road maps. Ibn Battutah's 14th century masterpieces provide a detailed view of the geography of the ancient world. The Muslim geographers of the 10th through 15th centuries far exceeded the output by Europeans regarding the geography of these regions well into the 18th century. The Crusades led to the destruction of educational institutions, their scholars and books. They brought nothing substantive regarding geography to the Western world.


    What is Taught:
    Robert Boyle, in the 17th century, originated the science of chemistry.


    What Should be Taught:
    A variety of Muslim chemists, including ar-Razi, al-Jabr, al-Biruni and al-Kindi, performed scientific experiments in chemistry some 700 years prior to Boyle. Durant writes that the Muslims introduced the experimental method to this science. Humboldt regards the Muslims as the founders of chemistry.


    What is Taught: Leonardo da Vinci (16th century) fathered the science of geology when he noted that fossils found on mountains indicated a watery origin of the earth.


    What Should be Taught: Al-Biruni (1lth century) made precisely this observation and added much to it, including a huge book on geology, hundreds of years before Da Vinci was born. Ibn Sina noted this as well (see pages 100-101). it is probable that Da Vinci first learned of this concept from Latin translations of Islamic books. He added nothing original to their findings.


    What is Taught: The first mention of the geological formation of valleys was in 1756, when Nicolas Desmarest proposed that they were formed over a long periods of time by streams.


    What Should be Taught: Ibn Sina and al-Biruni made precisely this discovery during the 11th century (see pages 102 and 103), fully 700 years prior to Desmarest.


    What is Taught:
    Galileo (17th century) was the world's first great experimenter.


    What Should be Taught: Al-Biruni (d. 1050) was the world's first great experimenter. He wrote over 200 books, many of which discuss his precise experiments. His literary output in the sciences amounts to some 13,000 pages, far exceeding that written by Galileo or, for that matter, Galileo and Newton combined.


    What is Taught: The Italian Giovanni Morgagni is regarded as the father of pathology because he was the first to correctly describe the nature of disease.


    What Should be Taught:
    Islam's surgeons were the first pathologists. They fully realized the nature of disease and described a variety of diseases to modern detail. Ibn Zuhr correctly described the nature of pleurisy, tuberculosis and pericarditis. Az-Zahrawi accurately documented the pathology of hydrocephalus (water on the brain) and other congenital diseases. Ibn al-Quff and Ibn an-Nafs gave perfect descriptions of the diseases of circulation. Other Muslim surgeons gave the first accurate descriptions of certain malignancies, including cancer of the stomach, bowel and esophagus. These surgeons were the originators of pathology, not Giovanni Morgagni.


    What is Taught:
    Paul Ehrlich (19th century) is the originator of drug chemotherapy, that is the use of specific drugs to kill microbes.


    What Should be Taught:
    Muslim physicians used a variety of specific substances to destroy microbes. They applied sulfur topically specifically to kill the scabies mite. Ar-Razi (10th century) used mercurial compounds as topical antiseptics.


    What is Taught: Purified alcohol, made through distillation, was first produced by Arnau de Villanova, a Spanish alchemist, in 1300 A.D.


    What Should be Taught: Numerous Muslim chemists produced medicinal-grade alcohol through distillation as early as the 10th century and manufactured on a large scale the first distillation devices for use in chemistry. They used alcohol as a solvent and antiseptic.


    What is Taught: The first surgery performed under inhalation anesthesia was conducted by C.W. Long, an American, in 1845.


    What Should be Taught:
    Six hundred years prior to Long, Islamic Spain's Az-Zahrawi and Ibn Zuhr, among other Muslim surgeons, performed hundreds of surgeries under inhalation anesthesia with the use of narcotic-soaked sponges which were placed over the face.

    What is Taught: During the 16th century Paracelsus invented the use of opium extracts for anesthesia.


    What Should be Taught: Muslim physicians introduced the anesthetic value of opium derivatives during the Middle Ages. Opium was originally used as an anesthetic agent by the Greeks. Paracelus was a student of Ibn Sina's works from which it is almost assured that he derived this idea.


    What is Taught: Modern anesthesia was invented in the 19th century by Humphrey Davy and Horace Wells.


    What Should be Taught: Modern anesthesia was discovered, mastered and perfected by Muslim anesthetists 900 years before the advent of Davy and Wells. They utilized oral as well as inhalant anesthetics.


    What is Taught:
    The concept of quarantine was first developed in 1403. In Venice, a law was passed preventing strangers from entering the city until a certain waiting period had passed. If, by then, no sign of illness could be found, they were allowed in.


    What Should be Taught: The concept of quarantine was first introduced in the 7th century A.D. by the prophet Muhammad, who wisely warned against entering or leaving a region suffering from plague. As early as the 10th century, Muslim physicians innovated the use of isolation wards for individuals suffering with communicable diseases.


    What is Taught: The scientific use of antiseptics in surgery was discovered by the British surgeon Joseph Lister in 1865.


    What Should be Taught:
    As early as the 10th century, Muslim physicians and surgeons were applying purified alcohol to wounds as an antiseptic agent. Surgeons in Islamic Spain utilized special methods for maintaining antisepsis prior to and during surgery. They also originated specific protocols for maintaining hygiene during the post-operative period. Their success rate was so high that dignitaries throughout Europe came to Cordova, Spain, to be treated at what was comparably the "Mayo Clinic" of the Middle Ages.


    What is Taught: In 1545, the scientific use of surgery was advanced by the French surgeon Ambroise Pare. Prior to him, surgeons attempted to stop bleeding through the gruesome procedure of searing the wound with boiling oil. Pare stopped the use of boiling oils and began ligating arteries. He is considered the "father of rational surgery." Pare was also one of the first Europeans to condemn such grotesque "surgical" procedures as trepanning (see reference #6, pg. 110).


    What Should be Taught: Islamic Spain's illustrious surgeon, az-Zahrawi (d. 1013), began ligating arteries with fine sutures over 500 years prior to Pare. He perfected the use of Catgut, that is suture made from animal intestines. Additionally, he instituted the use of cotton plus wax to plug bleeding wounds. The full details of his works were made available to Europeans through Latin translations.


    Despite this, barbers and herdsmen continued be the primary individuals practicing the "art" of surgery for nearly six centuries after az-Zahrawi's death. Pare himself was a barber, albeit more skilled and conscientious than the average ones.


    Included in az-Zahrawi's legacy are dozens of books. His most famous work is a 30 volume treatise on medicine and surgery. His books contain sections on preventive medicine, nutrition, cosmetics, drug therapy, surgical technique, anesthesia, pre and post-operative care as well as drawings of some 200 surgical devices, many of which he invented. The refined and scholarly az-Zahrawi must be regarded as the father and founder of rational surgery, not the uneducated Pare.


    What is Taught: William Harvey, during the early 17th century, discovered that blood circulates. He was the first to correctly describe the function of the heart, arteries and veins. Rome's Galen had presented erroneous ideas regarding the circulatory system, and Harvey was the first to determine that blood is pumped throughout the body via the action of the heart and the venous valves. Therefore, he is regarded as the founder of human physiology.


    What Should be Taught: In the 10th century, Islam's ar-Razi wrote an in-depth treatise on the venous system, accurately describing the function of the veins and their valves. Ibn an-Nafs and Ibn al-Quff (13th century) provided full documentation that the blood circulates and correctly described the physiology of the heart and the function of its valves 300 years before Harvey. William Harvey was a graduate of Italy's famous Padua University at a time when the majority of its curriculum was based upon Ibn Sina's and ar-Razi's textbooks.


    What is Taught: The first pharmacopeia (book of medicines) was published by a German scholar in 1542. According to World Book Encyclopedia, the science of pharmacology was begun in the 1900's as an off-shoot of chemistry due to the analysis of crude plant materials. Chemists, after isolating the active ingredients from plants, realized their medicinal value.


    What Should be Taught:
    According to the eminent scholar of Arab history, Phillip Hitti, the Muslims, not the Greeks or Europeans, wrote the first "modern" pharmacopeia. The science of pharmacology was originated by Muslim physicians during the 9th century. They developed it into a highly refined and exact science. Muslim chemists, pharmacists and physicians produced thousands of drugs and/or crude herbal extracts one thousand years prior to the supposed birth of pharmacology. During the 14th century Ibn Baytar wrote a monumental pharmacopeia listing some 1400 different drugs. Hundreds of other pharmacopeias were published during the Islamic Era. It is likely that the German work is an offshoot of that by Ibn Baytar, which was widely circulated in Europe.


    What is Taught: The discovery of the scientific use of drugs in the treatment of specific diseases was made by Paracelsus, the Swiss-born physician, during the 16th century. He is also credited with being the first to use practical experience as a determining factor in the treatment of patients rather than relying exclusively on the works of the ancients.


    What Should be Taught: Ar-Razi, Ibn Sina, al-Kindi, Ibn Rushd, az-Zahrawi, Ibn Zuhr, Ibn Baytar, Ibn al-Jazzar, Ibn Juljul, Ibn al-Quff, Ibn an-Nafs, al-Biruni, Ibn Sahl and hundreds of other Muslim physicians mastered the science of drug therapy for the treatment of specific symptoms and diseases. In fact, this concept was entirely their invention. The word "drug" is derived from Arabic. Their use of practical experience and careful observation was extensive.


    Muslim physicians were the first to criticize ancient medical theories and practices. Ar-Razi devoted an entire book as a critique of Galen's anatomy. The works of Paracelsus are insignificant compared to the vast volumes of medical writings and original findings accomplished by the medical giants of Islam.


    What is Taught: The first sound approach to the treatment of disease was made by a German, Johann Weger, in the 1500's.


    What Should be Taught: Harvard's George Sarton says that modern medicine is entirely an Islamic development and that Setting the Record Straight the Muslim physicians of the 9th through 12th centuries were precise, scientific, rational and sound in their approach. Johann Weger was among thousands of Europeans physicians during the 15th through 17th centuries who were taught the medicine of ar-Razi and Ibn Sina. He contributed nothing original.


    What is Taught: Medical treatment for the insane was modernized by Philippe Pinel when in 1793 he operated France's first insane asylum.


    What Should be Taught: As early as the 1lth century, Islamic hospitals maintained special wards for the insane. They treated them kindly and presumed their disease was real at a time when the insane were routinely burned alive in Europe as witches and sorcerers. A curative approach was taken for mental illness and, for the first time in history, the mentally ill were treated with supportive care, drugs and psychotherapy. Every major Islamic city maintained an insane asylum where patients were treated at no charge. In fact, the Islamic system for the treatment of the insane excels in comparison to the current model, as it was more humane and was highly effective as well.


    What is Taught: Kerosine was first produced by the an Englishman, Abraham Gesner, in 1853. He distilled it from asphalt.


    What Should be Taught:
    Muslim chemists produced kerosine as a distillate from petroleum products over 1,000 years prior to Gesner (see Encyclopaedia Britannica under the heading, Petroleum).


    Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    Do not argue with your Lord on behalf of your soul, rather argue with your soul on behalf of your Lord.” - Dhul-Nun

    "It is the very pursuit of happiness that thwarts happiness." - Victor Frankl
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    Nσσя'υℓ Jαииαн's Avatar Full Member
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    Tu kaun hai paiiii?
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    I read only half it, and im keepin it. I was searchin for somethin like this.
    Did u write it up urself, or is there a link to this
    JazakAllah Khair for sharing it

    Last edited by Nσσя'υℓ Jαииαн; 01-13-2007 at 04:26 AM.
    Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    *Without Allah, without Islam, life would be meaningless. If I've ever learned patience, it's because of this. Alhamdulillah...*
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science



    The last footnote/citation is a link.
    Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    Do not argue with your Lord on behalf of your soul, rather argue with your soul on behalf of your Lord.” - Dhul-Nun

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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    omg....im dumb lol :X. thanx neway..
    Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    *Without Allah, without Islam, life would be meaningless. If I've ever learned patience, it's because of this. Alhamdulillah...*
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science



    Msh'allah I posted this when I initially joined the forums, glad its been stickied
    Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    Ward the Pirate - Muslim Warrior of the Sea
    "Go tell the King of England, go tell him this from me,
    If he reign king of all the land, I will reign king at sea."

    The Great Dive
    Shaikh Abdul Hakim Murad aka Dr Tim Winters
    Bs53AicCAAACVpFsmall - Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    There is a excellent PBS documentary that features the achievements of Islamic math scholars. I saw it, it's very good.

    Then it's on to Baghdad, where Jones discovers that Muslem scholars were smitten with One and Zero - and two through nine as well. The most famous Muslim scholar, Al-Khwarizmi, and his colleagues taught these performing numerals a whole set of new tricks, feats that enabled science, mathematics and astronomy to reach new heights in the Middle East.


    The Indian numbers were a smash hit across the Islamic world before they were finally brought to Europe, where they met fierce resistance. It took 500 years for the battle between Roman and Indian numbers to play out, but by the 16th century, the Indian figures, now commonly called Arabic numerals, finally triumphed - perhaps because Florentine mathematician Fibonacci showed Christian merchants how useful Indian numerals could be, for instance, for calculating profits.
    http://www.pbs.org/previews/storyof1/
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    Hehe, and Fibonacci's mentor was a Muslim! =) Thank you for these links, brothers. As an engineering student, its things like these that motivate me to contribute to the Ummah. Its such a shame that secular scientific education these days "neglect" to mention any contributions made by Muslim scholars of the past. We need to start appreciating the knowledge that they had and strive to teach others
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    asalam alaikum wr wb,

    jazakAllah khair for sharing


    wa alaikum asalam wr wb
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    Thumbs up Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    Slm,

    Yeah jazakALLAH khair for the information provided. I do use herbal halal medicine from a website in the UK (www.sweetsunnah-uk.com).
    I have tried the shampoo and its quite good and my sister in law has tried the black seed shea butter cream, the one in the black tub which is only £5.00 and she really likes it too.

    Do any of you shop from halal herbal places? if so please let me know so i can have a look etc...

    Jkhair for reading my post

    Banu
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    mashallah

    I'd already known some of them, but didn't know they're that much!

    jazakallahu khaira
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    format_quote Originally Posted by Muraad View Post
    [CENTER]The Miracle of Islamic Science. The concept that the sciences are exclusively the products of Western minds remains unquestioned by most individuals. A review of any of the standard texts or encyclopedias regarding the history of science would support this view. As these books are peruse...
    This is a good post but it does seem to overstate the case in that Muslim scientist did make huge steps forward they themselves build on what others had found and so on up to the present day. Most of the things you mention would only occur in a History of science course and no one who teaches such a course would preface each scientist by saying he was a Muslim, or Christian or Aesthetic or whatever as it is of no significances because the laws of nature apply equally to everyone.

    I greatly admire Ibn al-Haytham who was a pioneer of modern optics as well as a pioneer of the modern scientific method, the first law of motion and laid the foundations for telescopic astronomy. One might also cite Al-Zahrawi's work which had a big influence on the emerging medical science in medieval and early modern Europe though obviously much of his work has little significance today for obvious reasons. One should also note that when searching the literature these men often had Latin names.

    If we come to our modern world then we don't look to ancient science but to men like Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, Turing, Dirac and arguably they have had the greatest influence on technology and the world we live in of any scientists in history but all of them would have spoken of their indebtedness to what went before.


    What is Taught: The first mention of man in flight was by Roger Bacon, who drew a flying apparatus. Leonardo da Vinci also conceived of airborne transport and drew several prototypes.

    What Should be Taught: Ibn Firnas of Islamic Spain invented, constructed and tested a flying machine in the 800's A.D. Roger Bacon learned of flying machines from Arabic references to Ibn Firnas' machine. The latter's invention antedates Bacon by 500 years and Da Vinci by some 700 years.
    The evidence for this is stretchy and what evidence there is comes many years after Firnas' death and the accounts more often than not sound more like Daedalus from Greek mythology. For example, Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari (d. 1632) wrote

    “Among other very curious experiments which he made, one is his trying to fly. He covered himself with feathers for the purpose, attached a couple of wings to his body, and, getting on an eminence, flung himself down into the air, when according to the testimony of several trustworthy writers who witnessed the performance, he flew a considerable distance, as if he had been a bird, but, in alighting again on the place whence he had started, his back was very much hurt, for not knowing that birds when they alight come down upon their tails, he forgot to provide himself with one.”

    Or Mu'min ibn Said, a court poet of Córdoba said "He flew faster than the phoenix in his flight when he dressed his body in the feathers of a vulture." No other surviving sources refer to the event.

    But nevertheless there may be some truth that he did attempt something. For myself I prefer to keep religion on as it were out of science as to me it really matter not whether say penicillin was invented by a Christian, Muslim or Vulcan - why is it important?
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    format_quote Originally Posted by Hugo View Post
    This is a good post but it does seem to overstate the case in that Muslim scientist did make huge steps forward they themselves build on what others had found and so on up to the present day. Most of the things you mention would only occur in a History of science course and no one who teaches such a course would preface each scientist by saying he was a Muslim, or Christian or Aesthetic or whatever as it is of no significances because the laws of nature apply equally to everyone.


    Islamic science was the making of the European Renaissance (amongst other things):
    http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item...pe=2&tid=11169
    By George Saliba!
    and though certainly many things weren't necessarily new, they were furthered and improved upon by Muslim scientists..

    The preface 'Muslim scientist' is very much of significance for Muslim scientists identified themselves with the Muslim empire that fostered their learning,resources and scholarship .. had their been a christian empire (and there was) and it produced christian scientists so they'd have been called.. but alas Christians before their secularization gave us the dark ages!

    by the way penicillin was no invention, it was a chance find on moldy bread.. You should indeed keep religion out of science as far as Christianity is concerned but we have no reason to!

    all the best
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    format_quote Originally Posted by τhε ṿαlε'ṡ lïlÿ View Post
    Islamic science was the making of the European Renaissance (amongst other things):
    http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item...pe=2&tid=11169
    By George Saliba! and though certainly many things weren't necessarily new, they were furthered and improved upon by Muslim scientists..

    The preface 'Muslim scientist' is very much of significance for Muslim scientists identified themselves with the Muslim empire that fostered their learning,resources and scholarship .. had their been a christian empire (and there was) and it produced christian scientists so they'd have been called.. but alas Christians before their secularization gave us the dark ages! by the way penicillin was no invention, it was a chance find on moldy bread.. You should indeed keep religion out of science as far as Christianity is concerned but we have no reason to!
    No one as far as I know disputes that scientists in the Islamic empire made great strides forward, science needs money and only large empires can provide that; this is why such huge an monumental advances were made by British scientists because at that time it was only the British empire that had the reach and resources and cash to do it. At the same time it had a set of absolutely brilliant men such as Newton, Maxwell, Turing and Dirac and without these men we would not have the modern world.

    These men were simply unbelievably brilliant and I have no idea what their particular religious beliefs were or if they had none. The point is they all discovered one way or another laws of nature and if God created the world we live in one might argue that God revealed these laws to them in much the same way he revealed moral laws to others. One might add that many discoveries are a matter of chance but why should not God be in that also because even with chance someone has to grasp the significance otherwise the 'chance' is gone.

    A recent TV show hosted by Professor Robert Winston listed what he suggested were the top 10 inventions of the past 50 years: the MRA scan, laser technology, the contraceptive pill, the microchip, genome theory, stem-cell research, IVF, the world wide web, the Big Bang and biomechanics. Which of these emerged from a Muslim country and does it matter anyway? Is your view that discoveries made by than than Muslims are of no value (professor Winston is a Jew) or because Paul Dirac was the first person to define an fundamental part of nature and because he was not a Muslim it casts a shadow over Islam - if so then Islam and Muslim who think so must have an inferiority complex?

    My own view is that we should all rejoice when science advances and if one looks at great scientists they are invariable humbled by what they find in the wonders of God's creation though they may not put it in religious terms and that for me is a proper response. For example, if one looks at the Dirac equation (eg. we would not have the mobile phone without it) one can only be amazed at the mind that formulated such a beautiful and elegant thing and then beyond that to wonder in sheer amazement at the God who created such a fantastic physical universe.

    Incidentally, if you look at what Gorge Saliba argues it is Arabic science continued well into the fifteenth and even sixteenth centuries; there was no decline, but rather that the sciences of Europe left behind the more traditional sciences, not only of Islamic civilization, but of the entire world. The trouble as has been pointed out by many is that Islamic Science became polarised and it was only interested what it considered of value and would not tolerate anyone going outside of that. The dark ages in Europe were much the same when the church decided what was to be allowed and what was truth - intolerance from whatever source is to be deplored.

    If any one wants a shorter (c200 pages) introduction to Science and Islam then Ehsan Masoon's book might be a good start and there was a BBC series presented by the Physicist Professor Jim Al-Khalili who travels through Syria, Iran, Tunisia and Spain to tell the story of the great leap in scientific knowledge that took place in the Islamic world between the 8th and 14th centuries.
    Last edited by Hugo; 12-24-2010 at 02:59 PM.
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    format_quote Originally Posted by Muraad View Post
    What is Taught: Glass mirrors were first produced in 1291 in Venice. What Should be Taught: Glass mirrors were in use in Islamic Spain as early as the 11th century. The Venetians learned of the art of fine glass production from Syrian artisans during the 9th and 10th centuries.
    Again I think perhaps you are being too selective and in any case this is too vague as there are all kinds of mirrors but if we are speaking of ordinary metal-coated glass mirrors they are said to have been invented in Sidon (modern-day Lebanon) in the first century AD, and glass mirrors backed with gold leaf are mentioned by the Roman author Pliny writing in about 77 AD. The Romans also developed a technique for creating crude mirrors by coating blown glass with molten lead. So it is perfectly possible that glass mirrors as you say were "in use" in 11th century Spain but its was not invented there and most certainly glass making was practised and highly developed in the Islamic empire if for no other reason that it was very very important for science and its development at the time; as it is now.

    Islamic glass is thought to have had several periods as most technologies had, usually called early, middle and late and much of this is outstanding and very beautiful. Byzantine craftsmen played an important role in the development of Venetian glass, an art form form and after the 4th Crusade in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice. Justus Von Liebig invented the modern process of silvering in 1835 and the process involved using aluminum or silver, and most of today's mirrors are now made this way.
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    Asalaamu Alaikum(peace be with everyone),

    I have stuff to say, but the following quotes sum it up really;

    It is highly probable that but for the Arabs, modern European civilization would have never assumed that character which has enabled it to transcend all previous phases of evolution. For although there is not a single aspect of human growth in which the decisive influence of Islamic culture is not traceable, nowhere is it so clear and momentous as in the genesis of that power which constitutes the paramount distinctive force of the modern world and the supreme course of its victory -- natural sciences and the scientific spirit. What we call sciences arose in Europe as a result of a new spirit of inquiry; of new methods of investigation, of the method of experiment, observation, measurement, of the development of Mathematics in a form unknown to the Greeks. That spirit and those methods were introduced into the European world by the Arabs. [Robert Briffault]

    The number of verses in Qur’an inviting close observation of nature are several times more than those that relate to prayer, fasting, pilgrimage etc. all put together. The Muslim under its influence began to observe nature closely and this gives birth to the scientific spirit of the observation and experiment which was unknown to the Greeks. [Prof. K. S. Ramakrishna Rao]

    Maybe if the Greeks had a Prophet(pbut) or the Quran, they might've done better
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    format_quote Originally Posted by Hugo View Post
    No one as far as I know disputes that scientists in the Islamic empire made great strides forward, science needs money and only large empires can provide that; this is why such huge an monumental advances were made by British scientists because at that time it was only the British empire that had the reach and resources and cash to do it. At the same time it had a set of absolutely brilliant men such as Newton, Maxwell, Turing and Dirac and without these men we would not have the modern world.
    Indeed.. it is unfortunate though, that British wealth came from subjugating other nations, forcing them into open door policies and opium trades.. Empires always leave their legacy behind, and the brits left nothing behind but war and destruction and colonialism wherever they went. Hence everything about the Muslim empire(s) was brilliant, their advancement in science and moral upstanding.. difficult to combine the two except under Islam!
    These men were simply unbelievably brilliant and I have no idea what their particular religious beliefs were or if they had none. The point is they all discovered one way or another laws of nature and if God created the world we live in one might argue that God revealed these laws to them in much the same way he revealed moral laws to others. One might add that many discoveries are a matter of chance but why should not God be in that also because even with chance someone has to grasp the significance otherwise the 'chance' is gone.
    Irrelevant!
    A recent TV show hosted by Professor Robert Winston listed what he suggested were the top 10 inventions of the past 50 years: the MRA scan, laser technology, the contraceptive pill, the microchip, genome theory, stem-cell research, IVF, the world wide web, the Big Bang and biomechanics. Which of these emerged from a Muslim country and does it matter anyway? Is your view that discoveries made by than than Muslims are of no value (professor Winston is a Jew) or because Paul Dirac was the first person to define an fundamental part of nature and because he was not a Muslim it casts a shadow over Islam - if so then Islam and Muslim who think so must have an inferiority complex?
    Another irrelevant comment. Empires and their achievements are cyclic, they have their rise and fall.. fact is if you take MRA, OCP's etc. the world will still manage just the same. Question is are you competent enough as a doctor or scientist that when really advanced mechanics aren't available to you, you can still function with your profession.. That is where real ingenuity lies.
    My own view is that we should all rejoice when science advances and if one looks at great scientists they are invariable humbled by what they find in the wonders of God's creation though they may not put it in religious terms and that for me is a proper response. For example, if one looks at the Dirac equation (eg. we would not have the mobile phone without it) one can only be amazed at the mind that formulated such a beautiful and elegant thing and then beyond that to wonder in sheer amazement at the God who created such a fantastic physical universe.
    No one cares about your views except perhaps your person!

    Incidentally, if you look at what Gorge Saliba argues it is Arabic science continued well into the fifteenth and even sixteenth centuries; there was no decline, but rather that the sciences of Europe left behind the more traditional sciences, not only of Islamic civilization, but of the entire world. The trouble as has been pointed out by many is that Islamic Science became polarised and it was only interested what it considered of value and would not tolerate anyone going outside of that. The dark ages in Europe were much the same when the church decided what was to be allowed and what was truth - intolerance from whatever source is to be deplored.
    George Saliba is brilliant at what he does and the evidence he presents to support it!

    If any one wants a shorter (c200 pages) introduction to Science and Islam then Ehsan Masoon's book might be a good start and there was a BBC series presented by the Physicist Professor Jim Al-Khalili who travels through Syria, Iran, Tunisia and Spain to tell the story of the great leap in scientific knowledge that took place in the Islamic world between the 8th and 14th centuries.
    I urge people to read more than one source, if they actually have a desire to a fair and balanced view!

    all the best
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    format_quote Originally Posted by Perseveranze View Post
    It is highly probable that but for the Arabs, modern European civilization would have never assumed that character which has enabled it to transcend all previous phases of evolution. For although there is not a single aspect of human growth in which the decisive influence of Islamic culture is not traceable, nowhere is it so clear and momentous as in the genesis of that power which constitutes the paramount distinctive force of the modern world and the supreme course of its victory -- natural sciences and the scientific spirit. What we call sciences arose in Europe as a result of a new spirit of inquiry; of new methods of investigation, of the method of experiment, observation, measurement, of the development of Mathematics in a form unknown to the Greeks. That spirit and those methods were introduced into the European world by the Arabs. [Robert Briffault]
    This appears to be all taken from progressive.----------- but this was written about a 100 years ago. But if it is true that Islam's influence is traceable everywhere then we have to take the bad and the good - however, it is one of those saying that is impossible to prove rather like the saying "every one knows" but like all universals it is disproved by one case and we might cite anything from the invention of the Yoyo to democracy. What is it about Muslims that they crave supremacy in everything but give credit to nothing else? The comment about the Greeks is plainly and totally untrue and one is amazed that anyone would say such nonsense let alone believe it. If one reads on in the quote we find Mohammed being described as a dictator - is that how Muslims see him?
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    format_quote Originally Posted by Hugo View Post
    This appears to be all taken from progressive.----------- but this was written about a 100 years ago. But if it is true that Islam's influence is traceable everywhere then we have to take the bad and the good - however, it is one of those saying that is impossible to prove rather like the saying "every one knows" but like all universals it is disproved by one case and we might cite anything from the invention of the Yoyo to democracy. What is it about Muslims that they crave supremacy in everything but give credit to nothing else? The comment about the Greeks is plainly and totally untrue and one is amazed that anyone would say such nonsense let alone believe it. If one reads on in the quote we find Mohammed being described as a dictator - is that how Muslims see him?

    The comment about the Greeks is very true.. you are just simply unread or prefer selective reading that you can't backup historically or accurately.
    as for democracy.. Islamic shura system is far superior, for it excluded no one.. were the plebeians or women allowed a vote under Roman law?.
    This is otherwise an Islamic forum. We are here to discuss all things Islamic. If you desire to discuss Greeks or Christians, go to a Greek or Christian forum!

    all the best
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    format_quote Originally Posted by τhε ṿαlε'ṡ lïlÿ View Post
    as for democracy.. Islamic shura system is far superior, for it excluded no one.. were the plebeians or women allowed a vote under Roman law?.
    Correction, plebeians were permitted to vote under Roman law; they were given the right to ratify laws in assemblies as well as elect tribunes to represent their interests and thereby to counter the power of the consuls.

    On your point about women, you are right; they were not allowed to vote -- and neither were slaves.

    Bear in mind, though, that you are discussing a 2000 year old society...the Roman Republic does not compare to the complexity, inclusivity, and equality of modern day democracies.

    Also, perhaps you can explain how the Shura system is "far superior" to a democracy. (I find it intriguing how you call it 'Islamic' when it was a system used by Arab tribes before Islam).
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    Re: Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science

    format_quote Originally Posted by Thucydides1987 View Post
    Correction, plebeians were permitted to vote under Roman law; they were given the right to ratify laws in assemblies as well as elect tribunes to represent their interests and thereby to counter the power of the consuls.
    you should do some research before you write?

    This coincided with the beginning of a long period of social discontent between classes between Patrician upper class (who had exclusive control of the Senate) and Plebeian lower class (who lived by the laws of the Senate). This soon lead to the creation of new institutional positions with the aim of giving the Plebeians a say in government: although they weren't allowed to vote and participate in the debates at the Senate they were given a power of veto. This veto was expressed through elected "Tribunes of the People".

    http://www.mariamilani.com/ancient_r...e_republic.htm
    On your point about women, you are right; they were not allowed to vote -- and neither were slaves. Bear in mind, though, that you are discussing a 2000 year old society...the Roman Republic does not compare to the complexity, inclusivity, and equality of modern day democracies.
    Then why bring the point of democracy at all if it belies the meaning of the word? I guess as much as south Africa's apartheid is a democracy or the colonial settler state dividing wall is democratic or even modern Arab despot democracies.
    well of course that is what happens when you inject yourself in a conversation without proper homework!

    Also, perhaps you can explain how the Shura system is "far superior" to a democracy. (I find it intriguing how you call it 'Islamic' when it was a system used by Arab tribes before Islam).
    Well of course you'd find it intriguing.. but given your first blunder of your post I'd take whatever else comes after with a grain of salt.
    for starters women were able to cast their vote in that.. which is unprecedented even in modern day democracy until very early last century!

    all the best and don't forget to stay in school!
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