Museum explores 'hidden history' of Muslim science

Sadly, I have no choice except agree, that 1000 years is a 'hidden history'.

There is a big leap in Muslims history, but maybe we never realize it.

London museum showcases Muslim scientists' inventions

By ARAB NEWS - Feb 28, 2010

JEDDAH: In cooperation with Abdul Latif Jameel Community Services Programs (ALJCSP), 1001 Inventions, an exhibition showcasing the inventions of Muslim scientists, will continue to be displayed in London's Science Museum for a longer period until the end of June 2010.

The exhibition -- organized under the theme "Discover the Muslim heritage in our world" -- is aimed at introducing 1,000 years of amnesia of Muslim science and technology, starting from the seventh Gregorian century to the present. The exhibition sheds light on the scientific heritage of Muslim civilization and its contribution to the development of science in the world.

Fadi Mohammed Jameel, the CEO of ALJ Foundation, announced that the period of the exhibition has been extended due to the huge turnout of visitors. Approximately 80,000 visitors have visited the exhibition with the number of visitors reaching 5,000 on certain days.

Everyday, thousands of tourists, students and other guests visit the 1,000 square meter exhibition, which encompasses diverse collections of items that highlight the role of Muslim scientists and their contributions in medicine, engineering, astronomy, geography and other fields of science. Inventions are categorized into seven zones -- home, school, hospital, market, town, world and universe.

The exhibition makes use of the latest IT techniques and interactive educational games, and for the first time highlights the role of women in science, as well as the role of non-Muslim scientists who contributed to Muslim civilization. The exhibition shows how Muslims nurtured the scientific and industrial heritage of the Chinese, Indian, Greek and Egyptian civilizations, and how they created a new and different civilization. The exhibition will be halted temporarily starting Monday until March 12 for maintenance works, and will then be reopened for visitors until the end of June.

The exhibition will visit approximately 12 countries in Europe, America, East Asia, Africa and the Middle East in a tour that started in London.

http://arabnews.com/world/article23541.ece

comments:

Muslims didn't invent all these things because of an education from the west. They created their own education institutions, improved them and educated people there. Unlike the Muslims of today, they didn't have inferiority complexes, nor did they discriminate against other Muslims. Muslim (especially arab) countries could be in the forefront of science and technology if they didn't discriminate against other (smarter) Muslims and promoted their own (dumb/lazy) nationals.

1,001 inventions mark Islam's role in science

CLAIRE GEMSON - 7/1/2008

IF YOU are reading this article over your customary Saturday morning coffee - spooning through the thick frothy milk to reach the restorative dark stuff beneath - then you may be surprised to learn you owe this civilized daily ritual to a herd of curious goats.

Many people have read the story of Marco d'Aviano, a 17th-century monk from the Capuchin order, whose brown robes gave us the name for the cappuccinos now quaffed on every street corner.

The coffee itself, though, is all down to an Arab herdsman called Khalid, who lived far earlier (in the ninth century). He noticed that his goats seemed to have a new lease of life after they had grazed on a particular wild coffee berry, which grew in his native Ethiopia. Khalid - possibly feeling a little tired after tending to his wandering goats - decided to try the berries for himself by boiling them. The resulting liquid was al-qahwa. As the drink traversed through the centuries on the coat tails of trade and travel, the first European coffee house opened in Venice in 1645.

The account of Khalid's discovery is just one of a glittering treasury of untold tales from a golden age of discovery and innovation, which took place in the Islamic world between the seventh and 17th centuries.

It is this hidden history that a new exhibition aims to unveil. Entitled 1,001 Inventions, the exhibition opens at Glasgow Science Centre later this month and charts the innovations of exceptional scholars, and ordinary people, from the Islamic world who discovered and developed many items that are taken for granted today. The exhibits are divided into seven zones: home, hospital, market, school, town, universe and world.

Professor Salim Al-Hassani, chairman of the Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, creators of 1,001 Inventions, said there is a widespread misconception that science and technology withered during the "Dark Ages".

"The 1,001 Inventions exhibition aims, through a process of education and learning, to challenge this myth and celebrate the fact that Muslim civilisation was flourishing and contributed to the advancement of our society today," he said.

A stellar vein of such contribution was in the field of astronomy. From astronomical instruments to observatories, Muslim scholars brought a breathtaking amount to the science of the stars and laid the foundation for the renaissance astronomy of the west. Copernicus, for example, reportedly used the astronomical treatise of Muslim astronomer Al-Battani, whose body of work included star catalogues and planetary tables. Al-Battani also popularised trigonometry. He lived in the ninth century and, from that time onwards, Muslim stargazers undertook a wealth of work.

In the tenth century, the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi cast his eyes upwards to the awning of stars overhead and was the first to record a galaxy out with our own. Gazing at the Andromeda galaxy he called it a "little cloud" - an apt description of the slightly wispy appearance of our galactic neighbour.

The Muslim world, ahead of its time, also had knowledge of the Earth. Twelfth century geographer Al-Idrisi, a European Muslim, produced an atlas comprising 70 maps. The atlas, known as the Book of Roger, showed the Earth as being round. The idea that the Earth was spherical was common among Muslim scholars.

Dr Robert Massey, of the Royal Astronomical Society, regularly talks on the topic of Islamic astronomy. He said: "The Muslim world provided a bridge between antiquity and the renaissance.

"The progress made in places like the great observatory in Samarkand, in modern-day Uzbekistan, laid the foundations for the science we take for granted today. And being challenged on how science and faith can co-exist and interact is one of the most stimulating things I've done - it makes you aware of misconceptions that exist across communities."

Many stars have Arabic names - from Aldeberan (one of the brightest stars in the night sky), to the stars of the Summer Triangle (Altair, Deneb and Vega).

Stars aside, the lexicon of science is peppered with Arabic words, each with a story to tell about its Islamic heritage. The Arabic word for chemistry is alkimia: the word became alchemy in the west but its original meaning was chemistry.

Jabir ibn Hayyan, who lived in Persia in the eighth century, is widely regarded as the founder of chemistry. He invented many of the basic processes and equipment still used by chemists today such as distillation (a way of separating chemical substances).

Jabir worked tirelessly in his laboratory, reportedly saying: "The first essential in chemistry is that you should perform practical work and conduct experiments".

This may seem a simple sentiment to today's scientists but, more than 1,200 years ago, it was on the cutting edge. Jabir's rigorous approach to experimentation led to the discovery of powerful acids, which are now key to the chemical industry.

Scottish astrophysicist Andrew Conway, who runs scientific consultancy Counting Thoughts, has an Iranian mother, who is also a scientist. Conway grew up in Scotland but is well versed in a heritage that has remained hidden to many of us. He said: "There is so much that we take for granted that has come from the Muslim world. For example, we write with Roman letters but use Arabic numerals so the influence extends to something as basic as 1,2,3."

Conway said acknowledging the contribution of the Muslim world was not about rewriting history but was more about finding a long- missing piece of the jigsaw.

"It's like uncovering some unread chapters of the world's most interesting book," he said.

MORE ISLAMIC INNOVATION FOUNTAIN PEN

In the tenth century, the first reservoir pen was created for an Egyptian sultan called al-Mu'izz. The idea was to design a pen that would write only when the writer so chose and would not leave unwanted inky stains.

CAMERA OBSCURA

Edinburgh has its own famous example, but the camera obscura was invented by Ibn al-Haitham (born in the tenth century), who noticed light coming through a hole in shutters which made an upside-down image on the opposite wall. This discovery led to today's camera (the name of which comes from the Arabic word qamara).

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS

Al-Zahrawi was an 11th-century surgeon who was literally on the cutting-edge. He pioneered many surgical tools.


EXECUTIVE TOYS

The Rubik's Cube may be having a renaissance, but it is predated by the "trick devices" created by the three Banu Musa brothers in the ninth century. All were accomplished mathematicians and part of the House of Wisdom, a famous scientific academy in Baghdad between the eighth and 14th centuries.

http://thescotsman.scotsman.com

Many Muslims are so ignorant of their own history that they ascribe Muslim inventions to the non-Muslims and even insult other Muslims over it. One such example is of a political/Journalism debate on Pakistan TV where this secular journals accused Muslims of failure and said that they could not even create a ball point pen. Well, it is the Muslims who created the fountain pen, and a ball point pen is nothing but a modified version. How can Muslim have self respect and dignity when they choose to remain ignorant of their own history but run to learn the altered history of others.

I read an article on this a few years ago in a science journal. Islamic Cardoba Spain was one of the great centres of learning and Islamic countries kept knowledge and science alive during the Christian dark ages.

So the question is "what happened?" If I recall correctly it was a shift in focus and somebody named Al Gazali or something like that was key.

Anybody here know who that was?

format_quote Originally Posted by Pygoscelis

I read an article on this a few years ago in a science journal. Islamic Cardoba Spain was one of the great centres of learning and Islamic countries kept knowledge and science alive during the Christian dark ages.

So the question is "what happened?" If I recall correctly it was a shift in focus and somebody named Al Gazali or something like that was key.

Anybody here know who that was?

Not only was it a hub of knowlege, the entire society was amazingly progressive compared to the rest of Europe. I saw a documentary about it and apparently poor landless peasants were able to loan land from the state (without interest naturally) to acquire base capital, which is unprecedented whatever way you look at it.
I heard somewhere a Muslim ruler whose names eludes me declared mathematics to be heretical, a work of the devil, at which point things started to regress in the Muslim world.

format_quote Originally Posted by islamirama

Not only muslims but also jews and native spain Christians for not being anlgo white. The leader of the Inquisition yelled to kill them all, God will save his own (meaning will save the non-white christians by accepting them in heaven).

This quote doesn't really apply to Reconquista, I think it is connected to the Cathar crusade in the south of France.
And where did you get your information about "non-anglo white Christians" being killed? What exactly is anglo-white supposed to mean and how does it apply to Spain?