:sl:
Will my dua be accepted if I'm menstruating?
Yes, InshaAllah (If Allah wills).
Do I have to fulfil the other prerequisites for prayer to make dua, e.g. abolition, hijab, etc?
No.
Do I have to say anything in particular, particular phrases, for it to be accepted?
No.
In its minimal form you can simply say (for example) 'Oh Allah help me with xyz, ameen' and it would be considered a valid dua. You do not
need to be in a state of ritual purity either.
Note 1: There are circumstances and times wherein out of the mercy of Allah, dua has a higher chance of acceptance. Here are some off the top of my head (there are others):
If someone is being oppressed.
At the time of rainfall
When one is sick
When dua is made in the last third of the night
During ramadan (lookout for the night of Laylatul Qadr especially)
At the time of breaking fast
When drinking the Zam Zam water
On the day of Arafah whilst in the plains of Arafah
The dua a parent makes for his children
The dua of a person makes for his brother (in religion) without the latter's knowledge
Note 2: Whilst dua is
valid in it's simplest form as described above and in addition to the above mentioned times/circumstance of acceptance, it would be better if you did the following also, to increase the chances of dua being accepted:
Be in a state of ritual purity (make ablution)
Face toward the Qibla
Don the hijab
Raise your hands to the shoulder with palms facing up
Glorify and praise Allah
Send blessings on the final Prophet of Allah, Muhammad Sallalahu Alaihe Wasalam (peace be upon him) thrice before and after the entire dua.
Try to cry out of sincerity
Be humble
Prostrate (sujood) and beg for what you want
Repent for your sins prior to asking for something
Again, there's more that can be done and inshaAllah others will advise.
The best dua is the one that comes from the heart.
Note 3: A dua will:
i. be accepted in this world and you'll be given what you ask for or -
ii. Allah will not immediately give you what you ask for (due to the wisdom of Allah, he knows that it may not be in your ultimate physical or spirutual benefit) but will remove a harm that would have otherwise befallen you had you not made such a dua or -
iii. the reward of what you ask will be given to you in paradise.
Be patient and persevere. Allah likes it when his servants show humility and show him their dependence upon him.