Certainly 'health reasons' aren't the conly factors contributing to the social and moral significance of the negative consequences of homosexuality. They certainly need to be mentioned!
THE FAMILY RESEARCH COUNCIL June 27, 2005
www.frc.org
The Negative Health Effects of Homosexuality
by: Timothy J. Dailey, Ph. D.
Homosexual activists attempt to portray their lifestyle as normal and
healthy, and insist that homosexual relationships are the equivalent in
every way to their heterosexual counterparts. Hollywood and the media
relentlessly propagate the image of the fit, healthy, and well-adjusted
homosexual. The reality is quite opposite to this caricature which was
recently conceded by the homosexual newspaper New York Blade News:
Reports at a national conference about sexually transmitted diseases
indicate that gay men are in the highest risk group for several of the most
serious diseases. . . . Scientists believe that the increased number of
sexually transmitted diseases (STD) cases is the result of an increase in
risky sexual practices by a growing number of gay men who believe HIV is
no longer a life-threatening illness.[1]
Instability and promiscuity typically characterize homosexual relationships.
These two factors increase the incidence of serious and incurable STDs. In
addition, some homosexual behaviors put practitioners at higher risk for a
variety of ailments, as catalogued by the following research data:
Risky Sexual Behavior on the Rise Among Homosexuals. Despite two
decades of intensive efforts to educate homosexuals against the dangers of
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other STDs, the incidence
of unsafe sexual practices that often result in various diseases is on the
rise.
· According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
from 1994 to 1997 the proportion of homosexuals reporting having had
anal sex increased from 57.6 percent to 61.2 percent, while the
percentage of those reporting "always" using condoms declined from
69.6 percent to 60 percent.[2]
· The CDC reported that during the same period the proportion of men
reporting having multiple sex partners and unprotected anal sex
increased from 23.6 percent to 33.3 percent. The largest increase in this
category (from 22 percent to 33.3 percent) was reported by homosexuals
twenty-five years old or younger.[3]
Homosexuals Failing to Disclose Their HIV Status to Sex Partners
· A study presented July 13, 2000 at the XIII International aids
Conference in Durban, South Africa disclosed that a significant number of
homosexual and bisexual men with HIV "continue to engage in
unprotected sex with people who have no idea they could be contracting
HIV."[4] Researchers from the University of California, San Francisco
found that thirty-six percent of homosexuals engaging in unprotected
oral, anal, or vaginal sex failed to disclose that they were HIV positive to
casual sex partners.[5]
· A CDC report revealed that, in 1997, 45 percent of homosexuals
reporting having had unprotected anal intercourse during the previous
six months did not know the HIV serostatus of all their sex partners.
Even more alarming, among those who reported having had unprotected
anal intercourse and multiple partners, 68 percent did not know the HIV
serostatus of their partners.[6]
Young Homosexuals are at Increased Risk. Following in the footsteps of the
generation of homosexuals decimated by AIDS, younger homosexuals are
engaging in dangerous sexual practices at an alarming rate.
· A Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health study of threehundred-
sixty-one young men who have sex with men (MSM) aged
fifteen to twenty-two found that around 40 percent of participants
reported having had anal-insertive sex, and around 30 percent said they
had had anal-receptive sex. Thirty-seven percent said they had not used
a condom for anal sex during their last same-sex encounter. Twenty-one
percent of the respondents reported using drugs or alcohol during their
last same-sex encounter.[7]
· A five-year CDC study of 3,492 homosexual males aged fifteen to
twenty-two found that one-quarter had unprotected sex with both men
and women. Another CDC study of 1,942 homosexual and bisexual men
with HIV found that 19 percent had at least one episode of unprotected
anal sex--the riskiest sexual behavior--in 1998 and 1997, a 50 percent
increase from the previous two years.[8]
Homosexual Promiscuity. Studies indicate that the average male
homosexual has hundreds of sex partners in his lifetime:
· A.P. Bell and M.S. Weinberg, in their classic study of male and female
homosexuality, found that 43 percent of white male homosexuals had sex
with 500 or more partners, with 28 percent having 1,000 or more sex
partners.[9]
· In their study of the sexual profiles of 2,583 older homosexuals
published in Journal of Sex Research, Paul Van de Ven et al., found that
only 2.7 percent claimed to have had sex with one partner only. The most
common response, given by 21.6 percent of the respondents, was of
having a hundred-one to five hundred lifetime sex partners.[10]
· A survey conducted by the homosexual magazine Genre found that 24
percent of the respondents said they had had more than a hundred
sexual partners in their lifetime. The magazine noted that several
respondents suggested including a category of those who had more than
a thousand sexual partners.[11]
· In his study of male homosexuality in Western Sexuality: Practice and
Precept in Past and Present Times, M. Pollak found that "few homosexual
relationships last longer than two years, with many men reporting
hundreds of lifetime partners."[12]
Promiscuity among Homosexual Couples. Even in those homosexual
relationships in which the partners consider themselves to be in a
committed relationship, the meaning of "committed" typically means
something radically different from marriage.
· In The Male Couple, authors David P. McWhirter and Andrew M.
Mattison reported that in a study of a hundred-fifty-six males in
homosexual relationships lasting from one to thirty-seven years,
Only seven couples have a totally exclusive sexual relationship, and these
men all have been together for less than five years. Stated another way, all
couples with a relationship lasting more than five years have incorporated
some provision for outside sexual activity in their relationships.[13]
· In Male and Female Homosexuality, M. Saghir and E. Robins found that
the average male homosexual live-in relationship lasts between two and
three years.[14]
Unhealthy Aspects of "Monogamous" Homosexual Relationships. Even those
homosexual relationships that are loosely termed "monogamous" do not
necessarily result in healthier behavior.
· The journal AIDS reported that men involved in relationships engaged
in anal intercourse and oral-anal intercourse with greater frequency than
those without a steady partner.[15] Anal intercourse has been linked to a
host of bacterial and parasitical sexually transmitted diseases, including
AIDS.
· The exclusivity of the relationship did not diminish the incidence of
unhealthy sexual acts, which are commonplace among homosexuals. An
English study published in the same issue of the journal AIDS concurred,
finding that most "unsafe" sex acts among homosexuals occur in steady
relationships.[16]
Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a collection of more than seventy
types of viruses that can cause warts, or papillomas, on various parts of the
body. More than twenty types of HPV are incurable STDs that can infect the
genital tract of both men and women. Most HPV infections are subclinical or
asymptomatic, with only one in a hundred people experiencing genital
warts.
· HPV is "almost universal" among homosexuals. According to the
homosexual newspaper The Washington Blade: "A San Francisco study of
Gay and bisexual men revealed that HPV infection was almost universal
among HIV-positive men, and that 60 percent of HIV-negative men
carried HPV."[17]
· HPV can lead to anal cancer. At the recent Fourth International AIDS
Malignancy Conference at the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Andrew
Grulich announced that "most instances of anal cancer are caused by a
cancer-causing strain of HPV through receptive anal intercourse. HPV
infects over 90 percent of HIV-positive gay men and 65 percent of HIVnegative
gay men, according to a number of recent studies."[18]
· The link between HPV and cervical cancer. Citing a presentation by Dr.
Stephen Goldstone to the International Congress on Papillomavirus in
Human Pathology in Paris, the Washington Blade reports that "HPV is
believed to cause cervical cancer in women."[19]
Hepatitis: A potentially fatal liver disease that increases the risk of liver
cancer.
· Hepatitis A: The Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report published by
the CDC reports: "Outbreaks of hepatitis A among men who have sex with
men are a recurring problem in many large cities in the industrialized
world."[20]
· Hepatitis B: This is a serious disease caused by a virus that attacks the
liver. The virus, which is called hepatitis B virus (HBV), can cause lifelong
infection, cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and
death. Each year in the United States, more than 200,000 people of all
ages contract hepatitis B and close to 5,000 die of sickness caused by
AIDS. The CDC reports that MSM are at increased risk for hepatitis B.[21]
· Hepatitis C is an inflammation of the liver that can cause cirrhosis, liver
failure and liver cancer. The virus can lie dormant in the body for up to
thirty years before flaring up. Although less so than with hepatitis A and
B, MSM who engage in unsafe sexual practices remain at increased risk
for contracting hepatitis C.[22]
Gonorrhea: An inflammatory disease of the genital tract. Gonorrhea
traditionally occurs on the genitals, but has recently appeared in the rectal
region and in the throat. Although easily treated by antibiotics, according to
the CDC only "about 50 percent of men have some signs or symptoms, and
"many women who are infected have no symptoms of infection."[23]
Untreated gonorrhea can have serious and permanent health consequences,
including infertility damage to the prostate and urethra.
· A CDC report documents "significant increases during 1994 to 1997 in
rectal gonorrhea . . . among MSM," indicating that "safe sex" practices
may not be taken as seriously as the aids epidemic begins to slow.[24] In
1999 the CDC released data showing that male rectal gonorrhea is
increasing among homosexuals amidst an overall decline in national
gonorrhea rates. The report attributed the increase to a larger
percentage of homosexuals engaging in unsafe sexual behavior.[25]
· The incidence of throat Gonorrhea is strongly associated with
homosexual behavior. The Canadian Medical Association Journal found
that "gonorrhea was associated with urethral discharge . . . and
homosexuality (3.7 times higher than the rate among
heterosexuals)."[26] Similarly, a study in the Journal of Clinical Pathology
found that homosexual men had a much higher prevalence of pharyngeal
(throat) gonorrhea--15.2 percent compared with 4.1 percent for
heterosexual men.[27]
Syphilis: A venereal disease that, if left untreated, can spread throughout
the body over time, causing serious heart abnormalities, mental disorders,
blindness, and death. The initial symptoms of syphilis are often mild and
painless, leading some individuals to avoid seeking treatment. According to
the National Institutes of Health, the disease may be mistaken for other
common illnesses: "syphilis has sometimes been called 'the great imitator'
because its early symptoms are similar to those of many other diseases."
Early symptoms include rashes, moist warts in the groin area, slimy white
patches in the mouth, or pus-filled bumps resembling chicken pox.[28]
· According to the CDC, "transmission of the organism occurs during
vaginal, anal, or oral sex."[29] In addition, the Archives of Internal
Medicine found that homosexuals acquired syphilis at a rate ten times
that of heterosexuals.[30]
· The CDC reports that those who contract syphilis face potentially deadly
health consequences: "It is now known that the genital sores caused by
syphilis in adults also make it easier to transmit and acquire HIV
infection sexually. There is a two to five fold increased risk of acquiring
hiv infection when syphilis is present."[31]
Gay Bowel Syndrome (GBS):[32] The Journal of the American Medical
Association refers to GBS problems such as proctitis, proctocolitis, and
enteritis as "sexually transmitted gastrointestinal syndromes."[33] Many of
the bacterial and protozoa pathogens that cause GBS are found in feces and
transmitted to the digestive system: According to the pro-homosexual text
Anal Pleasure and Health, "
exual activities provide many opportunities
for tiny amounts of contaminated feces to find their way into the mouth of a
sexual partner . . . The most direct route is oral-anal contact."[34]
· Proctitis and Proctocolitis are inflammations of the rectum and colon
that cause pain, bloody rectal discharge and rectal spasms. Proctitis is
associated with STDs such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, and syphilis
that are widespread among homosexuals.[35] The Sexually Transmitted
Disease Information Center of the Journal of the American Medical
Association reports that "[p]roctitis occurs predominantly among persons
who participate in anal intercourse."
· Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine. According to the
Sexually Transmitted Disease Information Center of the Journal of the
American Medical Association, "enteritis occurs among those whose
sexual practices include oral-fecal contact."[36] Enteritis can cause
abdominal pain, severe cramping, intense diarrhea, fever, malabsorption
of nutrients, weight loss.[37] According to a report in The Health
Implications of Homosexuality by the Medical Institute for Sexual Health,
some pathogens associated with enteritis and proctocolitis [see below]
"appear only to be sexually transmitted among men who have sex with
men."[38]
HIV/AIDS Among Homosexuals. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
is responsible for causing AIDS, for which there exists no cure.
· Homosexual men are the largest risk category. The CDC reports that
homosexuals comprise the single largest exposure category of the more
than 600,000 males with AIDS in the United States. As of December
1999, "men who have sex with men" and "men who have sex with men
and inject drugs" together accounted for 64 percent of the cumulative
total of male AIDS cases.[39]
· Women risk contracting HIV/AIDS through sexual relations with
infected MSM. According to the CDC, "HIV infection among U.S. women
has increased significantly over the last decade, especially in
communities of color. cdc estimates that, in the United States, between
120,000 and 160,000 adult and adolescent females are living with HIV
infection, including those with AIDS." In 1999, for example, most of the
women (40 percent) reported with AIDS were infected through
heterosexual exposure to HIV.[40] That number is actually higher, as
"historically, more than two-thirds of AIDS cases among women initially
reported without identified risk were later reclassified as heterosexual
transmission."[41]
· Homosexuals with HIV are at increased risk for developing other lifethreatening
diseases. A paper delivered at the Fourth International AIDS
Malignancy Conference at the National Institutes of Health reported that
homosexual men with HIV have "a 37-fold increase in anal cancer, a 4-
fold increase in Hodgkin's disease (cancer of the lymph nodes), a 2.7-fold
increase in cancer of the testicles, and a 2.5 fold increase in lip
cancer."[42]
HIV/AIDS Among Young People
· AIDS incidence is on the rise among teens and young adults. The CDC
reports that, "even though AIDS incidence (the number of new cases
diagnosed during a given time period, usually a year) is declining, there
has not been a comparable decline in the number of newly diagnosed HIV
cases among youth.[43]
· Young homosexual men are at particular risk. The CDC estimates that
"at least half of all new HIV infections in the United States are among
people under twenty-five, and the majority of young people are infected
sexually."[44] By the end of 1999, 29,629 young people aged thirteen to
twenty-four were diagnosed with AIDS in the United States. MSM were
the single largest risk category: in 1999, for example, 50 percent of all
new AIDS cases were reported among young homosexuals.[45]
· Sexually active young women are also at risk. The CDC reports: "In
1999, among young women the same age, 47 percent of all AIDS cases
reported were acquired heterosexually and 11 percent were acquired
through injection drug use."
Homosexuals with STDs Are at an Increased Risk for HIV Infection. Studies
of MSM treated in STD clinics show rates of infection as high as 36 percent
in major cities.[46] A CDC study attributed the high infection rate to having
high numbers of anonymous sex partners: "yphilis, gonorrhea, and
chlamydia apparently have been introduced into a population of MSM who
have large numbers of anonymous partners, which can result in rapid and
extensive transmission of STDs."[47] The CDC report concluded: "Persons
with STDs, including genital ulcer disease and nonulcerative STD, have a
twofold to fivefold increased risk for HIV infection."[48]
Anal Cancer: Homosexuals are at increased risk for this rare type of cancer,
which is potentially fatal if the anal-rectal tumors metastasize to other
bodily organs.
· Dr. Joel Palefsky, a leading expert in the field of anal cancer, reports
that while the incidence of anal cancer in the United States is only
0.9/100,000, that number soars to 35/100,000 for homosexuals. That
rate doubles again for those who are HIV positive, which, according to
Dr. Palefsky, is "roughly ten times higher than the current rate of cervical
cancer."[49]
· At the Fourth International AIDS Malignancy Conference at the National
Institutes of Health in May, 2000, Dr. Andrew Grulich announced that the
incidence of anal cancer among homosexuals with HIV "was raised 37-
fold compared with the general population."[50]
Lesbians are at Risk through Sex with MSM
· Many Lesbians also have had sex with men. The homosexual newspaper
The Washington Blade, citing a 1998 study in the Journal of Infectious
Diseases, reported that "the study's data confirmed previous scientific
observations that most women who have sex with women also have had
sex with men."[51] The study added that "sex with men in the prior year
was common, as were sexual practices between female partners that
possibly could transmit HPV."[52]
· Lesbians have more male sex partners that their heterosexual
counterparts. A study of sexually transmitted disease among lesbians
reviewed in The Washington Blade notes: "Behavioral research also
demonstrates that a woman's sexual identity is not an accurate predictor
of behavior, with a large proportion of 'lesbian' women reporting sex
with (often high risk) men."[53] The study found that "the median
number of lifetime male sexual partners was significantly greater for
WSW (women who have sex with women) than controls (twelve partners
versus six). WSW were significantly more likely to report more than fifty
lifetime male sexual partners."[54]
· A study in the American Journal of Public Health concurs that bisexual
women are at increased risk for contracting sexually transmitted
diseases: "Our findings corroborate the finding that wsmw (women who
have sex with men and women) are more likely than WSMO (women who
have sex with men only) to engage in various high-risk behaviors" and
also "to engage in a greater number of risk-related behaviors."[55] The
study suggested that the willingness to engage in risky sexual practices
"could be tied to a pattern of sensation-seeking behavior."[56]
· MSM spread HIV to women. A five-year study by the CDC of 3,492
homosexuals aged fifteen to twenty-two found that one in six also had
sex with women. Of those having sex with women, one-quarter "said
they recently had unprotected sex with both men and women." Nearly 7
percent of the men in the study were HIV positive."[57] "The study
confirms that young bisexual men are a 'bridge' for HIV transmission to
women," said the CDC.[58]
"Exclusive" Lesbian Relationships Also at Risk. The assumption that lesbians
involved in exclusive sexual relationships are at reduced risk for sexual
disease is false. The journal Sexually Transmitted Infections concludes:
"The risk behavior profile of exclusive WSW was similar to all WSW."[59]
One reason for this is because lesbians "were significantly more likely to
report past sexual contact with a homosexual or bisexual man and sexual
contact with an IDU (intravenous drug user)."[60]
Cancer Risk Factors for Lesbians. Citing a 1999 report released by the
Institute of Medicine, an arm of the National Academy of Sciences, the
homosexual newspaper The Washington Blade notes that "various studies
on Lesbian health suggest that certain cancer risk factors occur with greater
frequency in this population. These factors include higher rates of smoking,
alcohol use, poor diet, and being overweight."[61] Elsewhere the Blade also
reports: "Some experts believe Lesbians might be more likely than women
in general to develop breast or cervical cancer because a disproportionate
number of them fall into high-risk categories."[62]
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Lesbians
· In a study of the medical records of 1,408 lesbians, the journal Sexually
Transmitted Infections found that women who have sexual relations with
womenare at significantly higher risk for certain sexually transmitted
diseases: "We demonstrated a higher prevalence of BV (bacterial
vaginosis), hepatitis C, and HIV risk behaviors in WSW as compared with
controls."[63]
Compulsive Behavior among Lesbians. A study published in Nursing
Research found that lesbians are three times more likely to abuse alcohol
and to suffer from other compulsive behaviors: "Like most problem
drinkers, 32 (91 percent) of the participants had abused other drugs as well
as alcohol, and many reported compulsive difficulties with food (34
percent), codependency (29 percent), sex (11 percent), and money (6
percent)." In addition, "Forty-six percent had been heavy drinkers with
frequent drunkenness."[64]
Alcohol Abuse Among Homosexuals and Lesbians
· The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychologists reports that lesbian
women consume alcohol more frequently, and in larger amounts, than
heterosexual women.[65] Lesbians were at significantly greater risk than
heterosexual women for both binge drinking (19.4 percent compared to
11.7 percent), and for heavy drinking (7 percent compared to 2.7
percent).[66]
· Although the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychologists article
found no significant connection between male homosexuals and alcohol
abuse, a study in Family Planning Perspective concluded that male
homosexuals were at greatly increased risk for alcoholism: "Among men,
by far the most important risk group consisted of homosexual and
bisexual men, who were more than nine times as likely as heterosexual
men to have a history of problem drinking."[67] The study noted that
problem drinking may contribute to the "significantly higher STD rates
among gay and bisexual men."[68]
Violence in Lesbian and Homosexual Relationships.
· A study in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence examined conflict and
violence in lesbian relationships. The researchers found that 90 percent
of the lesbians surveyed had been recipients of one or more acts of
verbal aggression from their intimate partners during the year prior to
this study, with 31 percent reporting one or more incidents of physical
abuse.[69]
· In a survey of 1,099 lesbians, the Journal of Social Service Research
found that "slightly more than half of the [lesbians] reported that they
had been abused by a female lover/partner. The most frequently
indicated forms of abuse were verbal/emotional/psychological abuse and
combined physical-psychological abuse."[70]
· In their book Men Who Beat the Men Who Love Them: Battered Gay
Men and Domestic Violence,D. Island and P. Letellier report that "the
incidence of domestic violence among gay men is nearly double that in
the heterosexual population."[71]
Compare the Low Rate of Intimate Partner Violence within Marriage.
Homosexual and lesbian relationships are far more violent than are
traditional married households:
· The Bureau of Justice Statistics (U.S. Department of Justice) reports
that married women in traditional families experience the lowest rate of
violence compared with women in other types of relationships.[72]
· A report by the Medical Institute for Sexual Health concurred,
It should be noted that most studies of family violence do not differentiate
between married and unmarried partner status. Studies that do make these
distinctions have found that marriage relationships tend to have the least
intimate partner violence when compared to cohabiting or dating
relationships.[73]
High Incidence of Mental Health Problems among Homosexuals and
Lesbians. A national survey of lesbians published in the Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology found that 75 percent of the nearly 2,000
respondents had pursued psychological counseling of some kind, many for
treatment of long-term depression or sadness:
Among the sample as a whole, there was a distressingly high prevalence of
life events and behaviors related to mental health problems. Thirty-seven
percent had been physically abused and 32 percent had been raped or
sexually attacked. Nineteen percent had been involved in incestuous
relationships while growing up. Almost one-third used tobacco on a daily
basis and about 30 percent drank alcohol more than once a week; 6 percent
drank daily. One in five smoked marijuana more than once a month.
Twenty-one percent of the sample had thoughts about suicide sometimes or
often and 18 percent had actually tried to kill themselves. . . . More than
half had felt too nervous to accomplish ordinary activities at some time
during the past year and over one-third had been depressed.[74]
Greater Risk for Suicide.
· A study of twins that examined the relationship between homosexuality
and suicide, published in the Archives of General Psychiatry, found that
homosexuals with same-sex partners were at greater risk for overall
mental health problems, and were 6.5 times more likely than their twins
to have attempted suicide. The higher rate was not attributable to mental
health or substance abuse disorders.[75]
· Another study published simultaneously in Archives of General
Psychiatry followed 1,007 individuals from birth. Those classified as
"gay," lesbian, or bisexual were significantly more likely to have had
mental health problems.[76] Significantly, in his comments on the studies
in the same issue of the journal, D. Bailey cautioned against various
speculative explanations of the results, such as the view that
"widespread prejudice against homosexual people causes them to be
unhappy or worse, mentally ill."[77]
Reduced Life Span. A study published in the International Journal of
Epidemiology on the mortality rates of homosexuals concluded that they
have a significantly reduced life expectancy:
In a major Canadian center, life expectancy at age twenty for gay and
bisexual men is eight to twenty years less than for all men. If the same
pattern of mortality were to continue, we estimate that nearly half of gay
and bisexual men currently aged twenty years will not reach their sixtyfifth
birthday. Under even the most liberal assumptions, gay and bisexual
men in this urban center are now experiencing a life expectancy similar to
that experienced by all men in Canada in the year 1871.[78]
In 1995, long after the deadly effects of AIDS and other STDs became
widely known, homosexual author Urvashi Vaid expressed one of the goals
of her fellow activists: "We have an agenda to create a society in which
homosexuality is regarded as healthy, natural, and normal. To me that is the
most important agenda item."[79] Debilitating illness, chronic disease,
psychological problems, and early death suffered by homosexuals is the
legacy of this tragically misguided activism, which puts the furthering of an
"agenda" above saving the lives of those whose interests they purport to
represent.
Those who advocate full acceptance of homosexual behavior choose to
downplay the growing and incontrovertible evidence regarding the serious,
life-threatening health effects associated with the homosexual lifestyle.
Homosexual advocacy groups have a moral duty to disseminate medical
information that might dissuade individuals from entering or continuing in
an inherently unhealthy and dangerous lifestyle. Education officials in
particular have a duty to provide information regarding the negative health
effects of homosexuality to students in their charge, whose very lives are
put at risk by engaging in such behavior. Above all, civil society itself has an
obligation to institute policies that promote the health and well-being of its
citizens. --
END NOTES
1. Bill Roundy, "STD Rates on the Rise," New York Blade News, December 15, 2000, p.
1.
2. "Increases in Unsafe Sex and Rectal Gonorrhea among Men Who Have Sex with
Men--San Francisco, California, 1994-1997," Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), January 29, 1999, p. 45.
3. Ibid.
4. Ulysses Torassa, "Some With HIV Aren't Disclosing Before Sex; UCSF Researcher's
1,397-person Study Presented During aids Conference," The San Francisco Examiner
(July 15, 2000).
5. Jon Garbo, "Gay and Bi Men Less Likely to Disclose They Have HIV," Ga yHealth
News (July 18, 2000). Available at:
www.gayhealth.com/templates/0/news?record=136.
6. Ibid.
7. Jon Garbo, "Risky Sex Common Among Gay Club and Bar Goers," Gay Health News
(January 3, 2001). Available at: www.gayhealth.com/templates/97863827496203.../
index.html?record=35.
8. "Bisexuals Serve as 'Bridge' Infecting Women With HIV," Reuters News Service
(July 30, 2000). Available at: www.mb.com/ph/scty/2000-07/sc073004.asp.
9. A. P. Bell and M. S. Weinberg, Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and
Women (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), pp. 308, 9; see also Bell, Weinberg
and Hammersmith, Sexual Preference (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981).
10. Paul Van de Ven et al., "A Comparative Demographic and Sexual Profile of Older
Homosexually Active Men," Journal of Sex Research 34 (1997): 354. Dr. Paul Van de
Ven reiterated these results in a private conversation with Dr. Robert Gagnon on
September 7, 2000.
11. "Survey Finds 40 percent of Gay Men Have Had More Than 40 Sex Partners,"
Lambda Report, January/February 1998, p. 20.
12. M. Pollak, "Male Homosexuality," in Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in
Past and Present Times, edited by P. Aries and A. Bejin, pp. 40-61, cited by Joseph
Nicolosi in Reparative Therapy of Male Homosexuality (Northvale, New Jersey: Jason
Aronson Inc., 1991), pp. 124, 25.
13. David P. McWhirter and Andrew M. Mattison, The Male Couple: How Relationships
Develop (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1984), pp. 252, 3.
14. M. Saghir and E. Robins, Male and Female Homosexuality (Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins, 1973), p. 225; L.A. Peplau and H. Amaro, "Understanding Lesbian
Relationships," in Homosexuality: Social, Psychological, and Biological Issues, edited
by J. Weinrich and W. Paul (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982).
15. A.P.M. Coxon et al., "Sex Role Separation in Diaries of Homosexual Men," AIDS,
July 1993, pp. 877-882.
16. G. J. Hart et al., "Risk Behaviour, Anti-HIV and Anti-Hepatitis B Core Prevalence in
Clinic and Non-clinic Samples of Gay Men in England, 1991-1992," AIDS, July 1993, pp.
863-869, cited in "Homosexual Marriage: The Next Demand," Position Analysis paper
by Colorado for Family Values, May 1994.
17. Bill Roundy, "STDs Up Among Gay Men: CDC Says Rise is Due to HIV
Misperceptions," The Washington Blade (December 8, 2000). Available at:
www.washblade.com/health/a.
18. Richard A. Zmuda, "Rising Rates of Anal Cancer for Gay Men," Cancer News
(August 17, 2000). Available at: cancerlinksusa.com/cancernews_sm/Aug2000
/081700analcancer.
19. "Studies Point to Increased Risks of Anal Cancer," The Washington Blade (June 2,
2000). Available at: www.washblade.com/health/000602hm.
20. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention) September 4, 1998, p. 708.
21. "Viral Hepatitus B--Frequently Asked Questions," National Center for Infectious
Diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)September 29, 2000. Available
at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/faqb.
22. "Hepatitus C: Epidemiology: Transmission Modes" Mortality and Morbidity Weekly
Report (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 1998.Available at:
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis /c/edu/1/default.htm.
23. "Gonorrhea," Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Centers For Disease
Control and Prevention) September, 2000. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/
Fact_Sheets/FactsGonorrhea.htm.
24. "Increases in Unsafe Sex and Rectal Gonorrhea."
25. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention) January 29, 1999, p. 48.
26. J. Vincelette et al., "Predicators of Chlamydial Infection and Gonorrhea among
Patients Seen by Private Practitioners," Canadian Medical Association Journal 144
(1995): 713-721.
27. SPR Jebakumar et al., "Value of Screeningfor Oropharyngeal Chlamydia
Trachomatis Infection," Journal of Clinical Pathology 48 (1995): 658-661.
28. "Some Facts about Syphilis," Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention)October 1999. Available at:
www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/ Fact_Sheets/Syphilis_Facts.
29. "Syphilis Elimination: History in the Making," Division of Sexually Transmitted
Diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)October 1999. Available at:
www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Fact_Sheets/Syphilis_Facts.
30. C. M. Hutchinson et al., "Characteristics of Patients with Syphilis Attending
Baltimore STD Clinics," Archives of Internal Medicine 151 (1991): 511-516.
31. "Syphilis Elimination."
32. Homosexual advocates object to the use of this term (Gay Bowel Syndrome),
which they say unfairly stigmatizes homosexual behavior. Health Implications
Associated with Homosexuality (Austin: The Medical Institute for Sexual Health,
1999), p. 55.
33. "STD Treatment Guidelines: Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis," (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention) 1993. Available at: /www.ama-assn.org/special/std
/treatmnt/guide/stdg3470.htm.
34. Jack Morin, Anal Pleasure and Health: A Guide for Men and Women (San Francisco:
Down There Press, 1998), p. 220.
35. Health Implications, p. 56.
36. "STD Treatment Guidelines."
37. Health Implications; See Morin, Anal Pleasure and Health, p. 220, 1.
38. Health Implications.
39. "Table 9. Male Adult/Adolescent AIDS Cases by Exposure Category and
Race/Ethnicity, Reported through December 1999, United States," Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention: available at:
www/cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasr1102/table9.
40. "HIV/AIDS Among US Women: Minority and Young Women at Continuing Risk,"
Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention (Centers for Disease Control)November 14, 2000.
Available at: www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/women.
41. Ibid.
42. "Studies Point to Increased Risks of Anal Cancer."
43. "Young People at Risk: HIV/AIDS among America's Youth," Divisions of HIV/AIDS
Prevention (Centers for Disease Control)November 14, 2000. Available at:
www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/youth.htm.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. "Need for Sustained HIV Prevention Among Men who Have Sex with Men,"
Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention (Centers for Disease Control)November 14, 2000.
Available at: www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/msm.
47. "Resurgent Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease among Men Who Have Sex with
Men--King County, Washington, 1997-1999," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report:
Centers for Disease Control, September 10, 1999, pp. 773-777. Available at:
www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ mm4835a1.
48. "Need for Sustained HIV Prevention."
49. Bob Roehr, "Anal Cancer and You," Between the Lines News (November 16, 2000).
Available at: www.pridesource.com/cgi-bin/article?article=3835560.
50. "Studies Point to Increased Risks of Anal Cancer."
51. Rhonda Smith, "HPV Can be Transmitted between Women," The Washington Blade
(December 4, 1998). Available at: www.washblade.com/health/9901011h.
52. Ibid.
53. Katherine Fethers et al., "Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk Behaviors in
Women Who Have Sex with Women," Sexually Transmitted Infections 76 (2000):348.
54. Ibid., p. 347.
55. V. Gonzales, et al., "Sexual and Drug-Use Risk Factors for hiv and STDs: A
Comparison of Women with and without Bisexual Experiences," American Journal of
Public Health 89 (December 1999): 1846.
56. Ibid.
57. "Bisexuals Serve as 'Bridge' Infecting Women with HIV," Reuters News Service
(July 30, 2000).
58. Ibid.
59. "Sexually Transmitted Infections," p. 347.
60. Ibid.
61. Rhonda Smith, "Childbirth Linked with Smaller Breast Tumor Size," The
Washington Blade (December 17, 1999). Available at:
www.washblade.com/health/000114lh.
62. "HPV can be Transmitted between Women."
63. Katherine Fethers et al., "Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk Behaviors in
Women Who Have Sex with Women," Sexually Transmitted Infections, July 2000, p.
345.
64. Joanne Hall, "Lesbians Recovering from Alcoholic Problems: An Ethnographic
Study of Health Care Expectations," Nursing Research 43 (1994): 238-244.
65. Peter Freiberg, "Study: Alcohol Use More Prevelent for Lesbians," The Washington
Blade, January 12, 2001, p. 21.
66. Ibid.
67. Karen Paige Erickson, Karen F. Trocki, "Sex, Alcohol and Sexually Transmitted
Diseases: A National Survey," Family Planning Perspectives 26 (December 1994): 261.
68. Ibid.
69. Lettie L. Lockhart et al., "Letting out the Secret: Violence in Lesbian
Relationships," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9 (December 1994): 469-492.
70. Gwat Yong Lie and Sabrina Gentlewarrier, "Intimate Violence in Lesbian
Relationships: Discussion of Survey Findings and Practice Implications," Journal of
Social Service Research 15 (1991): 41-59.
71. D. Island and P. Letellier, Men Who Beat the Men Who Love Them: Battered Gay
Men and Domestic Violence (New York: Haworth Press, 1991), p. 14.
72. "Violence Between Intimates," Bureau of Justice Statistics Selected Findings,
November 1994, p. 2.
73. Health Implications, p. 79.
74. J. Bradford, et al., "National Lesbian Health Care Survey: Implications for Mental
Health Care," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62 (1994): 239, cited in
Health Implications Associated with Homosexuality, p. 81.
75. R. Herrell, et al., "A Co-Twin Study in Adult Men," Archives of General Psychiatry
56 (1999): 867-874.
76. D. Fergusson, et al., "Is Sexual Orientation Related to Mental Health Problems and
Suicidality in Young People?" Archives of General Psychiatry 56 (October 1999), p.
876-884.
77. Ibid.
78. Robert S. Hogg et al., "Modeling the Impact of HIV Disease on Mortality in Gay and
Bisexual Men," International Journal of Epidemiology 26 (1997): 657.
79. Quoted in Gabriel Rotello, Sexual Ecology: AIDS and the Destiny of Gay Men (New
York: Penguin Books, 1997), p. 286.
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