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Another update.
Eleven years have passed since the infamous Trojan Horse Affair erupted in Birmingham, UK, yet its reverberations continue to shape the lives of British Muslims, casting a long shadow over our communities, writes Robert Carter.
For many British Muslims the infamous Trojan Horse Affair is not just a historical event but a lived experience that exposed the fragility of our place in British society.
The affair, widely debunked as a “fake Islamist plot” to take over schools, was sparked by a hoax letter in 2013.
The story, fuelled by deep-rooted suspicion against Muslims and opportunists in the media and political sphere, snowballed into a major scandal which sought the career termination of talented Muslim teachers and plunged several thriving schools into a decade of poor performance.
Abdullah Saif, the head of community engagement at MEND, explains how the once flourishing schools at the centre of the scandal have struggled ever since to perform, dragging down the prospects of local youth in areas riddled with poverty and a lack of opportunities.
“The impact of this scandal still reverberate until today. We feel the pain of it till today. Not only were incredibly gifted teachers and governors personally impacted but the students who were at the heart of the school policy were deeply impacted. Schools which had incredible results, year after year, exemplary schools now today are failing to perform, year on year.
“As someone who works specifically on the issue of Islamophobia, I see how Islamophobia was deeply imbedded into the Trojan Horse fiasco. It has had a major impact and emboldened anti-Muslim conspiracies into the mainstream.”
In this article, 5Pillars examines the scandal’s timeline, its immediate fallout, and its enduring impact on UK Muslims from the lens of a community still grappling with its consequences.
Timeline of the Trojan Horse Affair
November 2013: Birmingham City Council receives an anonymous letter titled “Operation Trojan Horse,” alleging a plot by “Muslim extremists” to infiltrate and “Islamise” state schools in Birmingham, particularly in predominantly Muslim areas like Alum Rock. The letter outlines a supposed five-step strategy to install sympathetic governors and impose conservative Islamic practices. It claimed responsibility for ousting four headteachers and names specific schools, including Park View Academy as targets for the “Islamist plot.”
March 2014: The letter is leaked to the media, triggering a frenzy. Headlines in outlets like The Daily Mail scream of an “Islamist plot” to radicalise schools, amplifying fears of extremism. Birmingham City Council and the Department for Education (DfE) launch investigations, and Ofsted conducts snap inspections of 21 schools.
April–June 2014: Ofsted places five schools, including Park View, Golden Hillock, Nansen Primary, Oldknow Academy, and Saltley School, in special measures, citing failures to “safeguard against extremism and promote tolerance.” A sixth school, Alston Primary, is already in special measures. The inspections downgrade previously high-performing schools, like Park View, from “outstanding” to “inadequate” overnight. Education Secretary Michael Gove, a Tory MP with a history of extressing Islamophobic views, commissions Peter Clarke, former head of the Metropolitan Police’s counterterrorism command, to investigate, framing the issue as a national security concern
July 2014: Clarke’s report finds no evidence of terrorism, radicalisation, or violent extremism but claims some governors and staff promoted a “narrow faith-based ideology.” The government terminates funding for three schools, and disciplinary proceedings begin against 12 teachers for “undue religious influence.” Prime Minister David Cameron convenes an Extremism Taskforce, and Gove announces that schools must promote “fundamental British values” like tolerance and fairness.
2015: The government introduces the Prevent Duty, requiring teachers to monitor for signs of extremism, a policy widely criticised as targeting Muslims. Birmingham’s education commissioner, Sir Mike Tomlinson, controversially claims the Trojan Horse letter was “no hoax,” despite growing evidence of its falsity.
2017: Disciplinary hearings against teachers collapse due to procedural issues, including non-disclosure of witness statements, described as an “abuse of process.” No teachers are banned, and the narrative of a “plot” by Islamic radicals weakens. John Holmwood and Therese O’Toole’s book “Countering Extremism in British Schools?” labels the affair a “false narrative” akin to the Hillsborough disaster, highlighting a miscarriage of justice.
2022: The New York Times’ podcast The Trojan Horse Affair, hosted by Brian Reed and Hamza Syed, reignites debate. It reveals that officials, including Michael Gove, were warned the letter was likely a hoax but pursued investigations anyway. The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) calls for an independent inquiry, citing institutional Islamophobia. British media largely dismisses the podcast, despite being well-received by British Muslims, including the victims of the witch-hunt.
2025: Eleven years on, no author of the letter has been identified, and no evidence of an extremist plot has emerged. The affair remains a flashpoint, with ongoing calls for an inquiry and apologies for affected teachers, the Muslim community and Birmingham’s youth.
The lasting impact on UK Muslims
For many Muslims, the Trojan Horse hoax feels like a wound that never fully healed.
The scandal wasn’t just about a few schools; it was a moment when the British state and media attacked an entire minority community in Birmingham, painting Islam and Asian Muslim culture as a threat.
The dodgy letter was a spark that ignited pre-existing Islamophobic tropes. Headlines like “Taught to Hate” in The Spectator and references to Birmingham as a “jihadi capital” in The Daily Mail didn’t just report the story — they weaponised it, embedding the idea of Muslims as an “enemy within.”
These hateful Islamophobic narratives continue to surfaces in British public discourse today and have aided the rise of far-right forces including Tommy Robinson, Reform UK and pro-Israel lobby groups.
For the Muslim community in Birmingham, particularly in areas like Alum Rock, the affair was devastating. Schools that had been beacons of success (Park View saw pass rates soar from 4% to 71% under Muslim-led governance) were dismantled.
A 2014 study by Birmingham City University found 90% of local Muslims felt community cohesion was damaged by the affair’s handling.
Its policy fallout also entrenched this suspicion – the introduction of “fundamental British values” in schools and the Prevent Duty framed Muslim identity as inherently at odds with Britishness.
Prevent, in particular, has been a sore point — its requirement for teachers to report “extremism” often translates to profiling Muslim students for innocuous behaviours, like expressing mainstream Islamic religious views.
Professor John Holmwood, an expert on the scandal who has written books about Trojan Horse, explained how the Prevent Strategy is not fit for purpose.
“Following the Trojan Horse Affair, the UK introduced the Prevent Duty, a requirement for all public authorities to monitor people for alleged extremism or the risks of radicalisations. That takes place in all schools.
“Those who are caught up in the Prevent Duty or referred to Prevent have done nothing unlawful, have committed no offence yet they are subjected to scrutiny by counter-terror police, the vast majority, 90% of the cases, are shown to have no indication of extremism but yet their data remains on police data files, it remains with school files and remains as something which will follow them all the way to university.”
Eleven years later, the affair’s legacy persists.
No one has been held responsible for the hoax or its mishandling. The MCB’s 2022 call for an inquiry reflects a community demand for truth, yet the British media’s response to the call was largely mute.
For Muslims, it’s a stark reminder of how power operates: a single letter, likely born of a local dispute, reshaped national policy and vilified an entire community, with politicians like Gove seizing the moment to push Islamophobic narratives.
FacebookLikeShareTweetEmail Eleven years have passed since the infamous Trojan Horse Affair erupted in Birmingham, UK, yet its reverberations continue to shape the lives of British Muslims, casting a long shadow over our communities, writes Robert Carter. For many British Muslims the infamous...
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Which is why Muslims have to build and own their institutions, no other way.