Problem – this must define a single core problem for which you are going to find a solution route.
Target – these are the effects that will be evident in the real world if the problem can be solved. It is permissible to list more than one effect but it is best to look for the principle one.
Outcome – the object you will generate as the final product of your MSc project. Possible outcomes are characterised by nouns so might be: models, frameworks, policies, strategies, position papers, reviews, procedure description, best practice descriptions, dictionaries, lexicons, concordances, protocols, dossier, diagrams, charts, plans, etc.
Actor - It is normal when you define your outcome to say who the actor or actors are (meaning persons) who will use your defined outcome to bring about change by using your outcome leading to the target effects.
Thinking – it is important to be aware of how you think about the problem because that will help you decide what data is needed. In simple terms; you may have a theory that you want to test so the work is deductive, consequently you only define data that serves to test the theory. Alternatively, you may have no fixed views and you will be inductive and draw inferences from the data when you get it so in a sense you would more or less guess what data might be useful.
Activity and Data Spotlight – focusing on exactly the primary data that you need and nothing else. There are two parts, Activity: account for, analyses, collate, appraise and so on and the spotlight: the place where the data can be found.
Research Question – this is intended to be a lucid question that connects the various features and expresses the direction of your research and summarises your whole project. Research Questions have 7 features: Interrogative (I), Outcome (O), Actor (A), Problem (P), Target (T), Spotlight (S) and Method (M) and you might find it useful to remember them by using the word “IMPASTO” meaning way or approach. The correct order of these features in a sentence depends almost entirely on the interrogative if you are to produce a valid sentence in English. Possible interrogatives are: Whose, who, whom, what, which, where, whence, whither, when, how, why, wherefore, does/is, s/are, and can.
Research Style – either quantitative; meaning mostly numbers make up the data, the intention is to process that data in order to make predictions and such studies are often deductive in nature. Alternatively, the data may be largely text and so qualitative in nature and such studies are inductive, designed to look for understanding of a situation or phenomena.
Research Type - meaning is you study observational or interventionist.
Research Method – method selection depends on many factors: context, time available, skills available, practicalities, access, reason for the study, what kind of outcome you want, cost, nature of the study quantitative or qualitative, scale, control, sensitivity of the data, etc. Basic purpose of any study is assumed to provide as an outcome one of the following forms: express an understanding, an exploration, a description, an explanation, an improvement suggestion, build something or prove something. Common Methods and typical uses are:
Case Studies – useful when trying to understand a situation or practice
Vignettes - useful for exploring a situation in order to illustrate its major features
Action Research – useful when it is desirable to improve a situation by working within it
Experiments – useful when one is trying to prove or more usually indicate the truth of some proposition
Quasi-Experiments – as for experiments but the experiment can only be simulated
Surveys – useful when trying to describe a situation or effect
Biographies/History – useful when one wants to explore a situation in order to replicates it or improve it
Grounded Theory – useful when the area under study is barely understood but needs to be explored
Ethnography – useful when one wants to describe a situation of some kind involving behaviour
Requirements Gathering – useful when one wishes to build a real world object
Population – the set of people or things from which you will derive your data. You must try to be as specific as you can and also attempt to estimate the number of people or things involved.
Sample Frame – this refers to the mechanism you will use to select sample points. Ideally, it would be a list of some kind and then by a process (ideally randomised process) select sample points. The sample frame determines the level of precision (meaning how well does you sample represent the population) you can get so its importance cannot be underestimated.
Sample Selection – with an acceptable sample frame you need a rational way of selecting a sample of the size you calculate. Typical ways of sampling are: random, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster, Stage, Convenience, Voluntary, Quota, Purposive, Dimensional, Snowball, Event and Time sampling.
Sample Size – it is always necessary to calculate statistically a sample size and there are many formulae for doing this and almost always they are based on what you expected prevalence of the kind of thing you are looking for.
Collection Protocol – the means by which the classified (data that tells you who or what you are to collect from) primary data is collected: interview, questionnaire, observation, role playing, seminar, focus groups, document or record searching
Pre-Processing – This stage must always begin with a consideration of the sample size and was it as calculated and if not then consider how that might have affected the results. In addition the classification data must be examined to see if the sample is suitable or has it in the collection phase become biased in some way. Finally, you must describes how the primary data in its raw collected form is structured into a suitable entity ready for generating the outcome.
Outcome Processing – describes how the structured primary data collection is used to generate the intended outcome noting if there were any difficulties over the sample size or its classification and if so decide if some qualifications or limitations must be applied to the outcome.
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