You are allowed to pray at home. It is not obligatory (fard) to pray at mosque, but it is strongly advised and recommended by Prophet Muhammad (saw) to pray together with cema'ah (Muslim community), and it is a very strong Sunnah (practice of the Prophet). There are many hadith about it and many practices from the life of our prothet (peace and blessings be upon him).
For instance, there is a hadith saying that "Salah (prayer) with cema'ah is 27 times greater than praying alone." (narrated by Abdullah bin Umar)
Maybe other brothers/sisters can answer your question in detail with references.
No u don't have to pray in a mosque as long as you perform the 5 daily prayers, it does not matter if u pray at home, work or mosque. Of course it is better to pray at a mosque because you pray behind an Imam and you usually make du'a together after salah but it does not make u any less of a muslim as long as u do it from the heart it does not matter where.
Praying at mosque provides less distraction (T.V Being on next room) but I would expect parents especially Mom's to pray at home and take care of the children and the home.
We should be careful before just replying off hand,
The Prophet pbuh is reported to have said:
Laa sualaata Li jaar al masjidi - ILLA fi al Masjid.
There IS NO PRAYER for the neighbours of the mosque - EXCEPT IN the Mosque.
However there Are certain conditions which may cause you to have to pray at home, and sometimes people do inevitably miss the prayer on time, doesn't mean they shouldn't pray.
And there Are times when it's forbidden to pray in the mosque,
Like when they become mouthpieces and promoters of infidel governments and oppose the commands of Allah and show enmity and hostility to the messenger.
The Quran says: never stand therein.
So no, unless on has a reasonable excuse, it should be in the mosque if the mosque is near.
We all make mistakes and fall short, may Allah make us stronger.
Peace
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