Occupation, Not Islam, "Drives Suicide Attacks"
By MARILYN H. KARFELD,
Senior Staff Reporter
Saturday, June 9, 2007
The Cleveland Jewish News
In the wake of Sept. 11, Robert Pape, a professor in international security affairs at The University of Chicago, speculated on TV news shows on the causes of suicide terrorism.
“Like everyone else, I jumped to the conclusion that it was radical Islam,” he says. “I even bought a Koran to see what’s wrong with Islam.”
After searching for data on suicide terrorism and finding that the government did not begin to track such attacks until 2000, Pape began to collect his own information.
He compiled data on 462 suicide bombings from 1980 to 2004 and later updated his findings to 2006.
His book Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism was published in 2005.
Contrary to his initial impression, Pape discovered that
half of the 462 suicide attacks were by people who were secular or even anti-religious.
The world leaders in suicide bombings were members of the Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka, a Marxist and Hindu group.
Over 30% of Muslim suicide bombers were not Islamic fundamentalists, Pape learned.
For instance, some belonged to an anti-religious extremist Marxist group in Turkey, the Kurdish Workers Party or PKK.
“Over 95% of all suicide attacks are not religious,” Pape says.
Rather, they are driven by the political goal of compelling foreign combat forces, with their tanks and fighter aircraft, to leave territory “the terrorists consider their homeland or they prize greatly.”
Only 5% are random, isolated attacks, the products of any ideology, religion included, Pape adds.
“Every suicide campaign since 1980 has been carried out by groups seeking self-determination for territory,” he says.
Pape spoke to the CJN before addressing the annual banquet and fundraiser of the Cleveland chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR).
The following day, he spoke to the counter-terrorism task force of the Cleveland field office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
In the Jewish state, Pape says, 75% of suicide bombings are in Israel proper, directed against targets such as bus stops and pizzerias.
Suicide terrorists avoid what he calls “hard” targets, such as railroad stations and even shopping malls, which are too well defended.
At settler outposts in the West Bank, Pape says terrorists will attack and run away so they can do it again and again before getting shot.
“Inside Israel proper, they know it’s highly likely the best way to achieve killing is through suicide attacks.”
If suicide bombers were motivated solely to become martyrs and go to heaven, they would stand in front of Israeli tanks.
“No,” he insists. “The motivation is to kill the largest number of people. It’s not about how to die.”
Suicide bombers are typically walk-in volunteers from blue-collar and middle-class backgrounds with no experience in killing.
Of the 462 he studied, 232 were Arabs.
They are not being brainwashed in madrassas, he says.
“They are already perfectly willing to die.” They are then taught the mechanics of how to commit suicide bombings.
Only 10% are poor. “These are not individuals who have nothing to lose,” Pape says. “They would have led productive lives.”
They are also highly educated, with 54% having some college education, compared with 12% in the surrounding society.
The common denominator “driving suicide attacks” in the Jewish state is anger at the Israeli occupation, says Pape.
“Deep anger is the critical circumstance. When you mix it with personal motives of revenge and social prestige, you trigger the suicide terrorist.”
When Israel withdrew from Gaza and allowed Hamas to win a parliamentary election, the “second intifada came to a halt,” he maintains.
In his 2003 article in American Political Science Review that profiled suicide bombers, Pape advised Israel on how to stop the second intifada.
“Israel should unilaterally withdraw from Gaza and areas of the West Bank and build a security fence,” he suggested.
“Israel did about 70% of what I said. I would have moved the fence to the Green Line. Suicide attacks since summer 2004 are down 90%.”
Hamas is still an Islamic fundamentalist organization, he points out. If religion motivated suicide attacks in Israel, they would be continuing.
The Defense Department has been funding Pape’s studies, and he has spoken in Washington to the CIA, Department of Homeland Security, the National Security Agency, the FBI and members of Congress. Before the 3rd Infantry Division was sent to Iraq as part of President Bush’s surge of 21,500 combat troops, Pape addressed about 150 of its officers.
The recent surge of American troops in Iraq will make a bad situation worse, Pape says.
“If we remove our troops, there will be a substantial decline in the number of suicide terrorist attacks.”
Lebanon exemplifies his conclusions, Pape claims. Hezbollah was born in July 1982, created by the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon.
When Israel finally withdrew from southern Lebanon in 2000, Hezbollah did not follow Israeli soldiers to Tel Aviv, Pape notes.
“The suicide attacks stopped completely. To this day, there’s not been another suicide attack by Hezbollah.”
If Israel would completely withdraw from the West Bank, Pape predicts that Hamas would end its suicide attacks.
He acknowledges that Hamas keeps saying they want to run Jews out of Israel proper. But Pape says they aren’t doing this through suicide bombings.
While it’s possible that Hamas would some day adopt this strategy, he says governments do not build policies on things that are purely hypothetical.
As for Iraq, the U.S. has an interest in a stable Persian Gulf region and maintaining access to oil.
We “don’t cut and run,” Pape says. “But our policy can’t be to stay and die.”
The U.S. needs a third way that begins with our core interest, access to oil, which is integral to our economy, Pape says.
“Offshore balancing” is what he recommends. “Military forces are poised (outside of Iraq), ready to intervene if necessary. We wouldn’t go to war to spread democracy at the barrel of a gun.”
Pape insists he is all for humanitarian intervention but not at serious risk to American lives.
“Our current policy is increasing the risk of another 9/11. It’s creating so much hatred.”
Unlike Vietnam, where America simply pulled out its troops with minimal repercussions, immediate withdrawal is not possible in Iraq, he believes. In Vietnam, the U.S. had no real interests. But leaving Iraq abruptly would damage U.S. interest in Persian Gulf oil and hurt the world’s economy.
Instead, Pape suggests a phased withdrawal beginning this year and taking place over the next three or four years. It took Al Qaeda six years after its first terrorist attacks in 1995 to come to the U.S. for 9/11, he notes.
“This, unfortunately, is the reality of Iraq.”
Occupying Iraq has been “just foolish. It’s a tragedy that leaves us in the worst of all possible worlds. It’s time to change policies.”
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/Peace To All