Balthasar21:
First, re. your post #141, I liked your “Snow White” example. But please consider the following concepts. If you will consider them, then perhaps you and I may come to closer agreement.
It would make our communications simpler if you will agree to the following definitions, which are common in philosophy and science. They were introduced in science about 150 years ago, probably in thermodynamics, and were adopted in philosophy at least 50 years ago, possibly via the writings of Karl Popper. The definitions distinguish “open systems” from “closed systems”.
A good example of a “closed system” is the one you gave about the Snow White movie: facts can be established without any doubt, and associated statements can be demonstrated to be either “true” or “false”. Other “closed systems” are other story books (from Superman comics to all “holy books”), all games (checkers, chess, card games, baseball, all sports), and pure mathematics. In all such “closed systems”, the concepts of “true” and “false” can be established. As examples for stories, then in the case of Superman, it’s “true” that he’s invulnerable to everything except kryptonite, and in the case of Christianity, it’s “true” that Jesus was born of a virgin, died and rose from the dead, etc. Similarly, in the case of games, it’s “true” that in poker a flush always beats a straight, that in baseball “three strikes and you’re out”, and so on. And in pure math, 1 + 1 = 2, etc.
For “open systems”, however, we can no longer determine, with certainty, if events or claims are either “true” or “false”; instead, at best, we must “muddle by” with estimates of the probabilities that various events or claims are “true” or “false”. For example, in our legal system (an “open system”, because we must always be “open” to new evidence), we can’t be 100% certain that it’s “true” that some accused person is guilty (or innocent); therefore, the courts ask the jury to reach a decision “beyond reasonable doubt”, e.g., that there’s only (say) 1 chance in a million (= 10^6) that the accused is innocent. Similarly in science, we still can’t be sure, for example, that Einstein’s special theory of relativity is “true”, but based on the evidence to date, it appears that the chance that it’s wrong is only (say) 1 chance in 10^12.
Thus, in “open systems” (as opposed to “closed systems”) new information is permitted to enter the system (just as in “open thermodynamic systems”, in which heat is permitted to enter the system and the system is permitted to do work). For example, tomorrow someone might demonstrate that the theory of relativity is wrong – and almost certainly will win a Nobel Prize for the demonstration. In “closed systems”, in contrast, new information (new evidence) isn’t permitted to enter. For example, in the Snow White movie, it doesn’t matter if you watch it at the theater or on your TV; it’s always the same. Similarly in poker, a flush always beats a straight, regardless of the time of day, the size of the bet, or whatever, and so on.
An important observation is that, as far as is known, “reality” is an “open system”. That is, we can’t know what new evidence will arise “around the next bend” in either space or time (or space-time). Consequently, the best that we can do “in reality” is to estimate probabilities that events or claims are “true” or “false”.
An even more important observation (made by Popper) is to see how knowledge is obtained in the open system called “reality”, namely, not by determining what’s true (which is impossible) but by eliminating what appears to be false (which is generally much easier to do). For example, if the claim is made that diamonds always scratch wood, then I can do thousands of tests that support that claim (concluding that the statement is “true” to within at least one part in a thousand – but I can’t be certain), but if the claim is made that wood always scratches diamonds, then only after a single test I can demonstrate that the statement is false.
“Popper’s principle” is (in essence) that we gain knowledge about the reality external to our minds by formulating principles that can be falsified but have not yet been falsified. For example, the principle that diamonds always scratch wood is (in principle) falsifiable, but no one has yet shown it to be false. Therefore, we have gained some knowledge about the relative hardness of diamond and wood.
And it’s important that any proposed principle (or “hypothesis”) can be falsified. For example, if I claim that all invisible flying elephants are pink, then (as far as I know) the claim can’t be falsified – because if the elephants are invisible, how can their color be determined? Consequently, if any proposed hypothesis is, even in principle, not falsifiable, then it should be just dismissed as “idle speculation’.
As another example, if the claim is made – not just in a story but in reality – that Jesus was born of a virgin, then such a claim should be dismissed as “idle speculation”, since there’s no way to falsify the claim. On the other hand, if the claim is made that Jesus had no earthly father, then there is a chance (albeit small) that someday skeletons will be found from which DNA samples will be able to support or refute the claim.
Now, after that long introduction (and with apologies for its length), let me turn to your post #141 (and then I’ll comment on your first post).
Belief & Believe are two of the most deceptive words in religion. Belief is ignorance. Belief is to ignore the facts, intentionally or ignorantly. If one has to believe, it means he or she does not know, and if one does not know, that is ignorance. Anyone can believe anything and this means that a person can believe, and be 100% wrong. But knowledge is knowing and knowledge is correct information. "To know" gives one confidence, but belief infers doubt.
My assessment is that your statements are too “harsh”. I would prefer something closer to: “When stating one’s belief, one should provide estimates for associated probabilities; for example, I believe that there’s a 10% chance that it’ll rain here today, I’m 99.9999% certain that the sun will rise tomorrow; I’ll give you 5:3 odds that the Red Sox will beat the Yankees in their next game; I’m essentially certain that Mary was impregnated by a man (and 10% confident that the man was the Roman soldier Pandera).”
To believe is to accept things that you do NOT know. Either you know or you don't. Once you know - then you no longer have to believe and belief is the fuel of most religions. Belief = acceptance of things that you don't know.
Again I suggest that those statements are too harsh. In reality, we can’t be certain of anything – including the “truth” of that statement! It appears that the best that we are able to do is “muddle by” with falsifiable statements that have not yet been falsified, and use the results of tests to determine the probability that any claim is “true”. For example, from a series of test that I’ve performed throughout my lifetime, I have 99.9999999999999999… % confidence in the claim that I exist. I can’t prove it; all of us may be just simulations in some giant computer program, but I do “believe” (with the confidence already given) that I exist.
Knowledge = correct information which is always logical and reasons out.
Well, I wish it were so, but unfortunately… An example is quantum mechanics. As Feynman said (and he obtained his Nobel prize in physics for his work in quantum mechanics): “If you think you understand quantum mechanics, then you don’t understand quantum mechanics.” That is (for reasons that I’ve describe elsewhere) quantum mechanics isn’t “logical” and doesn’t “reason out”. But its predictions are validated, and therefore, not only is it accepted but also it reveals that the most important test to determine if some “knowledge” is contained in any hypothesis is to test its predictions experimentally.
Knowledge can be checked out by one or more of three test:
1) Experience
2) Evidence
3) Reason
One can not always use the "experience" test, because the experience test is not practical for all knowledge. The evidence & reason test are those test which are more often practical.
It would be helpful to distinguish different types of “knowledge”, namely, knowledge of the reality external to our minds (i.e., knowledge about what we assume is an “objective reality” and about which we assume that “objective observers” will eventually be able to reach agreement) and knowledge that each of us possesses within ourselves (e.g., about how to keep our vital organs functioning, about what stimulates our feelings, etc.). The best way to “check out” knowledge of the external reality is via the scientific method, some of whose elements you have listed. To “check out” knowledge about, e.g., our feelings, is commonly an extremely difficult task, generally not yet understood, and probably best left to the individual (possibly with help from a “good listener”).
You either believe or you know. Belief is accepting things without knowing and knowing is to have knowledge which is correct information.
Again I’d prefer if the statement were not so “black vs. white”. I’d prefer a statement that conveys the idea that all our claims to knowledge should be qualified by estimates of probabilities of their validities.
Now, turning to your original post (#35, p. 3) in which you answered “Yes” to Grenville’s original question (“Are Muslims obligated to read the Bible?”), let me give my reasons for answering “No”.
I start from two premisses. One is that all Muslims are humans. My second premiss is that “No human should be obligated to read anything that contains a substantial number of errors.” Further, if the “errors” are deliberate (as can be demonstrated in the case of the Bible), and if I use the word “lie” to mean “deliberate error”, then the second premiss can be adjusted to: “No human should be obligated to read anything that contains a substantial number of lies.”
I can’t demonstrate the “truth” of this second premiss (that people shouldn’t be required to read material known to be erroneous); I adopt it as a moral principle; the basis of my moral judgment is that the premiss is consistent with the prime goal of all life, namely, to continue – which I take to be the “fundamental good”.
My reasoning that leads me to conclude that Muslims aren’t obligated to read the Bible is then simply as follows:
• All Muslims are humans.
• No human should be obligated to read anything that contains a substantial number of errors (even lies).
• It can be demonstrated relatively easily that the Bible contains a huge number of errors (and even lies) – although I omit that demonstration here.
• Therefore, no human (including any Muslim) should be obligated to read the Bible.