Yes, the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did. He fought hard in the battle of Badr. One should bear in mind that the Mushrikhs, who outnumbered the Muslims, specificially targeted the Prophet but the Prophet did not show any sign of fear for his supplication prior to the battle was answered by Allaah (Exalted is He).
Alee (may Allaah be pleased with him) has reported in a narration found in the Musnad of Imaam Ahmad saying:
"I can see ourselves seeking shelter behind the Prophet on the day of Badr. He was the nearest to the enemy lines. That day he was the most fierce against them."
Al-Musnad, Shaykh Ahmed Shakeer said its chain is saheeh
It also says in another place of the narration,
"When the going got tough on that day, we sought refuge behind the Prophet for he was the strongest of the people. No one was nearer to the enemy lines than him
Al-Musnad, Shaykh Ahmed Shakeer said its chain is saheeh
Muslim reports that the Prophet told his companions:
"Let none of you move head of me towards the enemy lines." Muslim 3/1510
Imaam ibn Katheer said in Al-Bidaayah wan-Nihaayah:
He personally fought, and fought hard. And so did Aboo Bakr. The two were also of the most supplicating in the hut (prior to the fight). Then they came down, encouraged us to fight hard and themselves fought hard between the two points (which was the hut and the battle lines).
