VII
Doctrines of Christianity and Islam
The Fundamental Doctrines of Christianity are five:
(1) The Trinity.
(2) The Divinity of Jesus Christ.
(3) The Divine Sonship of Jesus.
(4) The Original Sin.
(5) The Atonement.
Islam does not have any room to hold any of these dogmas. In Islam, the Oneness of Allah is the fundamental belief, as opposed to the Triune God of Christianity. It sees the deification of Jesus as a reversion to paganism. As described in the Holy Qur’an, Jesus was not an incarnation of Allah but his prophet and messenger, and just like any other prophet, He was in every aspect a human being. Islam also rejects the Divine sonship of Jesus. Likewise, Islam does not accept the dogma of the Original Sin, Vicarious Sacrifice and Atonement.
The fundamental doctrines of faith in Islam are:
(1) Oneness of God.
(2) Belief in the angels.
(3) Belief in the revelations (Books).
(4) Belief in the Messengers of God.
(5) Belief in the Day of Judgement.
(6) Belief in the Qada’ and Qadr (Destiny/Fate: good or bad).
The Trinity
This doctrine refers to the existence of three Divine distinct and separate persons in God: God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Ghost. It is curious, however, that Jesus, himself, never mentioned the Trinity. He did not say absolutely anything regarding three Divine persons in the Trinity. The concept that Jesus (peace be upon him) had about Allah, was in no way different from the concept that all the other previous prophets had. Absolutely all of them preached the unity of Allah and not the Trinity. Jesus (peace be upon him) just repeated the same that had been revealed to the prophets that came before him: One of the scribes, who had heard this dispute, seeing how well He (Jesus) had answered, came closer and asked what the first of all the commandments was. And Jesus answered: “The first of the commandments is, Hear O Israel: The Lord our God is One Lord; and thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength, this is the first commandment” ([17]).
There are also evidences in the Bible that Jesus believed in only one God and not in Three Divine Persons. Jesus believed in one God as is evident from the following saying: “Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God and Him only shalt thou serve” ([18]).
The doctrine of the Trinity was developed more than three hundred years after Jesus’ departure. The four Canonized Gospels do not contain any reference to the Trinity. Neither Jesus (peace be upon him) nor his disciples, nor the earlier great scholars and followers of Jesus, taught this doctrine. This doctrine was established after great controversies and opposition more than three hundred years after Jesus’ departure, in the Nicean Council. However, when rationally considered, the Trinity is unsustainable. The belief in Three Divine persons is either finite or infinite. If it is considered infinite, then there are three different infinities, three different Omnipotent persons, and consequently three different Gods. However, if they are considered finite, then neither the Father, nor the Son nor the Holy Ghost can be a god.
Islam preaches the plain and simple Oneness of Allah. It affirms the uniqueness of Allah and says that He has no partners in His Godhead. He is the Self-Sufficient One, on Whom all depend and Who depends not on any one. He neither begets nor is begotten. Nothing can come out of Him and become His equal and partner in Godhead.
{I speak of what I have seen with my Father, and you do what you have heard from your father." They answered him, "Abraham is our father." Jesus said to them, "If you were Abraham's children, you would do what Abraham did, but now you seek to kill me, a man who has told you the truth which I heard from God; this is not what Abraham did} [John 8: 38-40].
{And this is eternal life, that they know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom thou hast sent. I glorified thee on earth, having accomplished the work which thou gavest me to do} (John 17: 3,4)
The Holy Qur’an, affirms the Oneness of Allah in unambiguous language in chapter 112, as stated below:
“Say: He is Allah, the One;
Allah, the eternally Besought of all,
He begets not nor was He begotten.
And there is none comparable unto Him”
(Qur’an 112: 1- 4)
The only verse in the entire Bible that supported the Doctrine of Trinity (first Epistle of John, Chapter 5, verse 7) has been eliminated from the New Standard Revised Edition, after it was found that these were scribal interpolations included in the King James Version ([19]).
The Divinity of Jesus
Christians believe that Jesus Christ is God from all eternity, the Second Person of the Divine Trinity who, more than two thousand years ago chose to appear in a human body and was born of the Virgin Mary. As recorded in the Gospels, this dogma like the previously discussed one, does not find support in the words of Jesus Christ. The fact is that Jesus Christ never claimed Godhood or Divinity. To judge by his own uttering: “Why callest thou me good? There is none good but One, that is God” (Mark 10:18). When Jesus spoke of God, he referred to Him as “My Father and Your Father, and My God and Your God.” (John 20:17). These words of Jesus Christ as reported in the Bible, demonstrate that he, in relation to God, stood like any other human being. He was not the Creator but a created creature like Adam. While he was being allegedly crucified, during the supposed moments of agony, he cried out: “Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachtani” Which can be interpreted as “Lord, Lord, why have you forsaken me”[20].
Like the doctrine of Trinity, the doctrine of the incarnation was developed after Jesus’ departure. It was incorporated into Christianity from paganism. In the mythology that preceded Christianity, it can be seen how some heroes are considered to be gods. Islam has freed its followers from such superstitions by rejecting the doctrine of the incarnation. The Divinity of Jesus has been rejected in the Holy Qur’an where Allah says: “Surely, they have disbelieved who say: ‘Allah is the Messiah [‘Isa, Jesus], son of Maryam (Mary).’” But the Messiah [‘Isa, Jesus] said: “O Children of Israel! Worship Allah, My Lord and your Lord.” “Verily, whosoever sets up partners (in worship) with Allah, then Allah has forbidden Paradise to him, and the Fire will be his Abode. And for the Zalimun (polytheists and wrongdoers) there are no helpers”{Q. 5:72} Also Allah revealed: “Verily, the likeness of ‘Isa (Jesus) before Allah is the Likeness of Adam. He created Him from dust, then (He) said to him: ‘Be!’ – and he was. {Q. 3:59} In the Holy Qur’an, Allah describes Jesus as His Prophet, free from sins, pure and pious, like the rest of His Prophets, but always as a human being.” He [‘Isa, Jesus] said: “Verily, I am a slave of Allah, He has given me the Scripture and made me a Prophet;…”{Q. 19:30}. Islam has a specific concept and point of view regarding the Prophets of Allah. All of them are human beings who, by virtue of their devotion to truth and life free from sins, have been chosen by the grace of Allah to be His messengers.
The message preached by them was not their own but from Allah. Allah transmitted the word to them, so that they could adapt the life according to the Revelation and become, in this way, models for their followers. This is how Allah revealed in the Holy Qur’an: “Say (unto them O Muhammad): I am only a mortal like you. It is inspired in me that your God is One God, therefore take the straight path unto Him and seek forgiveness of Him. And woe unto the idolaters” (Qur’an, 41: 6)
The Divine-Sonship.
This dogma, like the previous ones discussed is not in conformity with the teachings and sayings of Jesus Christ. In the Bible, this same expression has been used to refer to many of the earlier prophets. Israel, for example, was called the “Son of God” in one of the books of Moses: “And thou shalt say unto Pharaoh, Thus saith the Lord, Israel is My son, even My first born.” (Exodus 4:22). Also, in the Psalms, the same title was given to David: “I will declare the decree: the Lord had said unto me, Thou art My Son, this day have I begotten thee”. (Psalms 2:7) Likewise, in I Chronicles, 22:10, Solomon was called the Son of God: “He shall build a house for My name: and he shall be My son, and I will be his Father and I will establish the throne of his Kingdom over Israel forever.”
From the above statements and for many others in the Bible, it has been established that the word “son” really meant nearness to Allah in love. Even Jesus himself said that every man who did the will of the Father in Heaven was a Son of God. Henceforth, what made a man worthy of being called the Son of God, was a devout life and a kind and merciful behavior. This is what Jesus (peace be upon him) said in the following sayings: “Love your enemies… that ye may be the children of your Father who is in Heaven.” (Matthew 5:44,45). “Blessed are the Peacemakers: for they shall be called the sons of God.” (Matthew 5:9) Analysis of all of the previous sayings leaves no doubt regarding the meaning that Jesus assigned to the word “son”. Therefore, in view of this, there can be no justification to regard Jesus as the Son of God in an exclusive and unique sense. When Jesus used the phrase “Son of God”, it meant exactly the same as it meant when it was used for Adam, Israel, David, and Solomon.
The Holy Qur’an emphatically and categorically rejects the dogma of the Sonship in chapter 2 verse 116: They say, “Allah has taken a Son.” Exalted is He! Rather to Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and earth. All are devoutly obedient to Him.”
Once again, reason and common sense are on the side of Islam. According to philosophy, a being that comes from another being and exists as a separate individual and becomes his equal, cannot be regarded as perfect. To attribute a son to God would implicate denying the perfection of God.
The Original Sin.
According to the explanation of this dogma, Adam (peace be upon him) sinned when he disobeyed Allah by eating from the forbidden tree of knowledge. As a result, and according to the Christian theology, all his descendants inherit the sin of Adam, which means that all human beings are born with this Original Sin. For God’s justice to be satisfied, a price must be paid for every sin that has been committed. In other words, Allah will not let any sin go unpunished. According to Christians, the only thing that can wipe out sin is the shedding of blood. And according to Paul “Without the shedding of blood there is no remission.” (Hebrews 9:22) But this blood must be perfect, sinless, and incorruptible. . Therefore, Jesus Christ, the alleged Son of God, shed his holy, sinless blood, suffered indescribable agony, and died to pay the penalty for the sins of men. Because He was the infinite God, He alone could pay the infinite price of sin. Therefore, nobody can be saved unless he accepts Jesus Christ as his redeemer. Moreover, everyone is condemned to suffer eternally in Hell Fire because of his or her sinful nature, unless he/she accepts atonement made for his/her sins by the blood of Jesus Christ.
This dogma can be divided into three distinct parts: (1) The Original Sin, (2) the belief that God’s Justice requires that the penalty of blood must be paid for sin, and (3) the belief that Jesus has paid the price for the sins of men by his death on the cross and that salvation is only for those who believe in his vicarious sacrifice. Regarding the first part, the Reverend De Groot (Catholic Teachings, p. 140) writes: “Scripture teaches us that Adam’s sin passed unto all men (our Blessed Lady excepted). For in words of St. Paul: Therefore, as by the offence of one (Adam) all men were taken to condemnation; so also by the Justice of one (Christ) many shall be made just”. (Rom. 5:18,19).
These words make it plain that all men inherited Adam’s sin. Like many other Christian beliefs, the doctrine of the Inherited Sin also finds no support in the words of Jesus or of the prophets who had come before him. They taught that every man was accountable for his own actions; the children will not be punished for the sins of the father. Jesus himself regarded children as innocent and pure, and not born in sin. It is clear from his reported saying: “Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not: for such is the Kingdom of God. Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein.” (Mark 10: 14,15).
Islam condemns the dogma of the Original Sin and regards the children as pure and sinless at birth. Sin, it says it is not inherited, but it is something which one acquires for himself by doing what he should not do or not doing what he should do. Rationally considered also, it would be the height of injustice to condemn the entire human race for the sin committed thousands of years ago by the first parents. Sin is a willful transgression of the Law of God or the Law of right and wrong. The responsibility or blame for it must lie only on the person committing it, and not on his children. It is the height of misanthropy and cynicism to consider it sinful at birth. How unreasonable and hard-hearted a man can become by believing in the dogma of the inherited sin is shown by the theological dictum of Saint Augustine that all unbaptized infants are doomed to burn eternally in the Fire of Hell. Till recently, the unbaptized infants were not buried in consecrated grounds in Christendom because they were believed to have died in Original Sin. The very basis of the doctrine of the Atonement, that is, the belief in Original Sin, having been found to be wrong on the authority of Jesus Christ as well as reason, the superstructure of dogma built on it must also be false.
The second part of the Christian doctrine of Atonement is that God’s Justice requires that a price must be paid for the Original and other sins of man. If God were to pardon a sinner without punishment, it would be a denial of His Justice. The Reverend W. Goldsack (The Atonment, p.5) writes in this connection: “It should be as clear as daylight to any one that God cannot break His own law: He cannot forgive a sinner without first giving him an appropriate punishment. For if He did so, who would call Him Just and Equitable”? This view shows complete ignorance of the God’s attributes. God is not a mere judge or king. He is as the Holy Qur’an describes Him: “Master of the Day of Judgement”. He is not only Just but also Merciful and Forgiving. If He finds some real good in man and sees that he is sincerely repentant, having a real urge to conquer the evil within him, then Almighty God will forgive his failings and sins altogether. After all, the only proper motive for punishment is to check evil doing and reform the offender. To punish a person for his supposed past sins, even after he had repented and reformed himself, is a sign of vengeance and not of justice. The God we worship is the God of love and mercy. If He prescribes a law and demands obedience, it is not for His own benefit, but for the benefit of mankind. And if He punishes a man for his faults and sins, it is not for His own satisfaction or compensation, as the Christian dogma proclaims, but to check evil and purify the sinner. God can and does forgive the faults and sins of those in whom He sees real goodness and those who have turned away from their sins and reformed themselves without punishing them or any other person on their behalf. This is not against God’s Justice. Thus, the Holy Qur’an reveals: “Say: O my people, who have acted extravagantly against your own souls, despair not of the mercy of God, Verily Allah forgives all sins. Lo! He is All-Forgiving, All-Merciful. So, turn unto Him, repent and surrender unto Him, before there come unto you the chastisement, when you can not be helped.” (Qur’an 39: 53,54)
The third part of the Christian dogma of the Atonment is that Jesus paid the penalty for the original and other sins of men by his death on the cross of Calvary, and that salvation cannot be obtained without belief in the saving power of his blood. J.F. DeGroot (Catholic Teachings, p. 162) writes: “Since Christ, God and man, has taken upon Himself our sins in order to atone for them by giving satisfaction to God’s outraged justice, He is the mediator between God and man.” This dogma is not only a denial of the mercy of God but also of His Justice. To demand the price of blood in order to forgive the sins of men is to show a complete lack of mercy. To punish a man who is not guilty for the sins of others, whether the former is willing or not, is the height of injustice. Christians claim that Jesus Christ willingly suffered death to pay the price for the sins of men. By this, the reply from the Islamic point of view is: Firstly, it is not historically correct to say that Jesus had come to die willingly and deliberately for the sins of men. We read in the Bible that he did not wish to die on the cross. For when he learnt that his enemies were plotting against his life, he declared that his “soul was exceedingly sorrowful unto death”. He asked his disciples to keep watch over him to protect him from his enemies, and he prayed to God, “Abba, Father, all things are possible unto Thee; take away this cup from me; nevertheless not what I will, but what Thou wilt.” (Mark 14:36)
Secondly, we fail to see how suffering and death of one man can wipe out sins of others. It sounds something like the father taking out a tooth to relieve the pain of the son. The idea of substitutionary or vicarious sacrifice is illogical, meaningless and unjust. Thirdly, the idea that shedding of blood is necessary to appease the wrath of God has come into Christianity from the primitive man’s image of God as an all-powerful demon. We see no connection at all between sin and blood. What is necessary to wipe away sins is not blood, but sincere repentance, remorse, and persistent struggle against evil inclinations to carry out the Will of God as revealed to us through the Prophets.
The Christian scheme of salvation is not only morally and rationally unsound, but also has no support in the words of Jesus. Jesus may be said to have suffered for the sins of men in the sense that, in order to take them out of darkness into light, he incurred the wrath of the evil doers and was tortured by them; but that does not mean that his death was an atonment for the sins of others and that only those who believe in his blood be forgiven. Jesus had come to rescue men from sin by his teachings and the example of his godly life, and not by deliberately dying for them on the cross and offering his blood for their sins.
The dogma of Atonment is unsound due to the following reasons:
Man is not born in sin,
God does not require a price to forgive sinners, and
The idea of substitutionary or vicarious sacrifice is unjust and cruel. By sinning we do not harm God, but ourselves. The stain of sins on our souls can be removed, not by the suffering or death of any other person, whether the latter be willing or unwilling, but by our own repentance, turning away from evil and doing good. And so, when Adam, after the act of disobedience, repented and submitted himself completely to God, his sin was forgiven. Neither is the sin of Adam inherited by the children of Adam, nor did it require the suffering and death of Jesus Christ to be forgiven. The truth is that Jesus did not die on the cross at all. The doctrine of the Atonement is a denial of the justice and mercy of God.
Islam rejects the dogma of Atonement. It declares that the forgiveness of sins cannot be obtained by the suffering and sacrifice of any other person, human or divine, but by the grace of God and our own sincere and persistent efforts to fight against evil and do good. The Holy Qur’an states: “That no bearer of burdens will bear the burden of another. And that there is not for man except that [good] for which he strives, And that his effort is going to be seen. (53: 38-40). Islam promises salvation to all those who believe in God and do good deeds, his reward is with his Lord; and there shall be no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve. (2:112)
The Rationality of Islam
The evaluation of the previously described Christian doctrines, leads to the conclusion that they are not rational, and they are not in accordance with the teachings of Jesus (peace be upon him). It suffices to know that during the first years after the disappearance of Jesus, his followers considered Him just like any other prophet of God. The doctrines previously mentioned, were developed many years after he disappeared. Therefore, this is a clear indication that Christianity has considerably deviated from the original message.
Islam revives the eternal message that Allah has revealed to all His prophets. The message revealed to all of them was the same, but with the passage of time it had been misinterpreted and mixed with superstitions and rituals that were meaningless since they were not revealed by Allah.
Islam is a revival and restatement of the religion taught by Jesus and of all other prophets of Allah.
The heart and brain of a religion, the conception of the nature of Divinity, has lost its foundations due to:
The tendency to represent God as a being Who has human forms and passions.
The only God has been associated and mixed with other beings (as in Christianity and Hinduism).
Creatures have been deified and are being worshiped as only God must be worshiped (as for example, Devas in Hinduism, Yazatas in Zoroastrianism, and the Holy Ghost in Christianity.)
Some prophets are being represented as incarnations of God, as for example, Jesus in Christianity, Ezra in Judaism, Buddah in Mahayana Budismo, and Khrishna and Rama in Hinduism.
A personification of the atributes of God, have taken place in separate Divine Persons, for example, The Christian Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Gost, the Hindu Trimuri formed by Brahma, Vishu and Shiva and the Amesha Spentas of Zoroastrianism).
The Prophet of Islam, Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), criticized all of these irrational theological tendencies and reinstated the original concept of Allah as the Only Eternal Reality, the Creator and Sustainer of all the Worlds, the Loving, the all-Forgiving, the all-Merciful, the All-Mighty, the all-Knowing. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) purged religion from mistakes, superstitions and nonsense practices, and widened its scope in order to make Islam a source of inspiration for the human race. He unified people of different races, colors and different nations into a universal brotherhood. Islam is a religion without mythology, of simple and rational teachings. Islam appeals to the human reason and conscience. The truth of the Islamic principle follows logically from the belief in Allah’s Oneness and goodness. If Allah is One, all the human beings are creatures of the same God and are equal before Him. Hence the existence of the Islamic belief that man and woman are equal. If only God is the Creator and Provider of all people, He not only grants and facilitates the physical needs but also the moral and spiritual ones, revealing to mankind the path to truth and righteousness.
Allah revealed His Message to selected men who were completely dedicated to the truth, and follow a pious life. They were capable of inspiring others to follow the correct path. For this reason, Islam teaches its followers to believe in all the prophets of all times and of all nations.
As a final point, since Allah has created man as an agent with absolute moral responsibility, with freedom of choice and completely responsible for all his acts, there is an imperative need for the existence of life after death, so that the fruit produced in this present life, good or bad, can be harvested in the life hereafter. Citing the famous Italian Orientalist, Dr. Laura Veccia Vagliery (Apologia dell Islamismo, translated into English as an interpretation of Islam by Dr Caselli, pp. 33,34) writes: “Thanks to Islam, paganism in its various forms was defeated. The concept of the universe, the practices of religion, and the customs of social life, were each liberated from all the monstruosities which had degraded them and human minds were made free of prejudices. Man finally realized his dignity. He humbled himself before the Creator, the Master of all mankind”. She continues, “The spirit was liberated from prejudice; man’s will was set free from the ties which had kept him bound to other men or other so called hidden powers. Priests, false guardians of mysteries, brokers of salvation, all those who pretended to be mediators between God and man and consequently believed that they had authority over other people’s will, fell from their pedestals. Man became the servant of Allah alone and towards other men he had only the obligations of one free man towards other free men. While previously men had suffered from the injustices of social differences, Islam proclaimed equality among human beings. Each Muslim was distinguished from other Muslims not by reason of birth or any other factor not connected with his personality, but only by his greater fear of God, his good deeds, his moral and intellectual qualities.”([21]).