AAdil:-
Another poster who hasn't read Mohammed's biography - many of these things were not mentioned in the Quran. Jews and muslims in no way lived peacefully in the Prophet's time. Mohammed evicted whole villages of the Jews and claimed their land and chattels for the muslims as booty. One fifth for Mohammed and the rest for the troops.
Sirat Rasul Allah by Ibn Ishaq will put you straight.
Abd-al Latif:-
Jizyah is definitely not like a peace treaty - it was an inhuman tax, paid monthly and designed to suppress non muslims, many of whom converted because they could not live under such conditions - go and read how Christians had to wear blue patches, and Jews yellow patches. Remind you of something? Remind you of something? There were so many restrictions on non muslims - for too many to relate here.
Muslim lands became muslim lands only because the muslim Arabs left Arabia in the 600's and conquered them, you thinking seems a bit fuzzy here. Before that they were mainly Christian lands. Iran was Zoroastrian, India-Hindu.
Jews are still around because, as you know, they were expelled from Arabia and found other countries to live in.
The Jews that were beheaded in Medina were prisoners that the muslims had taken when they beseiged their strongholds for over three weeks and the Jews had surrendered. Mohammed then asked another muslim, who had been wounded in the battle the Prophets men had just fought with the muslims of Mecca, to pronounce judgement on the tribe. The judgement was that all boys who had reached puberty and all the males of the Jewish tribe were to be beheaded. The women and girls were enslaved and as usual the property and chattels went to the muslims.
P.S. Can you tell me where in the Quran Jerusalem is mentioned? I know the muslims prayed in that direction because, as in so many other things, they copied the Jews. But when Mohammud realised the Jews were never going to convert he changed the direction of prayer to Mecca. Jerusalem was not a holy place to muslims until the late 600s when the muslims built the dome of the rock over the ruined Jewish temple after they invaded Palestine. Jerusalem was only holy to the muslims because they knew the Christians and Jews worshipped there.