I was taught that Islam was spread through Jihad(holy battles, right?). Four Kaliphs/Caliphs played their part in bringing the faith to others. Wars were fought to actually convert non-believers...this always made me cringe. I imagine it as someone putting a sword to another's neck, screeching "Worship Allah or else!" I know you are probably cringing to this entire comment, but this is what I read in books and learnt from others. It's relieving to hear something different, phew. Well, anyway, feel free to continue!
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History changes depending on what country and society it is taught in. Seems strange, right? History is meant to be objective, but sadly it is not.
To explain Jihad in simple terms, it is fighting in the cause of Allah, but that doesn't mean waging war
unnecessarily to get everyone to convert, no. It also has a secondary meaning, which is to fight our inner selves (against negativity, sins, etc).
You are right that the 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs played a major role in the spread of Islam, and fighting in the way of Allah, they were some of the best humans of mankind! They did not oppress any humans (regardless of religion). On the contrary, that is what colonialism does. Oppression is a major sin in Islam, and human rights (again, regardless of religion) are valued HIGHLY.
Obviously, Islam didn't spread so vastly just by the tongue. Fighting
was involved, and it was done within the Laws of Allah and His Messenger. The first resort of calling to Islam has always been with mercy and justice. Preaching peacefully, and spreading knowledge of the Religion. BUT with that also came hostility towards the Religion and towards people preaching it! And with those who are hostile, aggressive, and fight YOU,
it is completely permissible to fight them back. This is the whole concept of self defense that the West teaches! Dealing violently with oppressors who fight against you, persecuting you, and putting obstacles in the way of peaceful preaching.. that's where the "sword" comes in.
There are rules of war prescribed to the Muslim men who fight in the cause of Allah:
-Torture is completely impermissible, under no circumstance can you torture a prisoner of war, or deprive them of food and water. It is inhuman and against what Islam stands for.
-"Do not kill any child, woman, or sick person"
-"Do not practice treachery or mutilation"
-"Do not cut down or burn fruitful trees"
-"Do not slaughter/kill an animal, except for food"
-"Do not kill monks in their monasteries, or kill those sitting in
their places of worship."
-"Do not destroy the villages and towns, do not spoil the cultivated fields and gardens, and do not slaughter the cattle."
-"Do not wish for an encounter with the enemy; pray to God to grant you security; but when you [are forced to] encounter them, exercise patience."
-"No one may punish with fire except the Lord of Fire (Allah)."
-"Accustom yourselves to do good if people do good, and to not do wrong even if they commit evil."
Muslims are commanded to be good and JUST, to not be oppressors, to give ALL humans their rights, and though this may not be practiced now, it was most definitely practiced by our Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) and the 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs, no doubt about it.
Please continue asking questions, I love to answer them and I really do hope you gain something from our conversations, God willing.